1、Designation: E 1686 03Standard Guide forSelection of Environmental Noise Measurements andCriteria1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1686; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers many measurement methods andcriteria for evaluating environmental noise. It includes thefollowing:1.1.1 The use
3、of weightings, penalties, and normalizationfactors;1.1.2 Types of noise measurements and criteria, indicatingtheir limitations and best uses;1.1.3 Sources of criteria;1.1.4 Recommended procedures for criteria selection;1.1.5 A catalog of selected available criteria; and1.1.6 Suggested applications o
4、f sound level measurementsand criteria.1.2 Criteria SelectionThis guide will assist users in se-lecting criteria for the following:1.2.1 Evaluating the effect of existing or potential outdoorsounds on a community;1.2.2 Establishing or revising local noise ordinances, codes,or bylaws, including perfo
5、rmance standards in zoning regula-tions; or1.2.3 Evaluating sound indoors that originated from outsidesources.1.3 Reasons for CriteriaThis guide discusses the manyreasons for noise criteria, ways sound can be measured andspecified, and advantages and disadvantages of the mostwidely used types of cri
6、teria. The guide refers the user toappropriate documents for more detailed information andguidance. The listing of specific criteria includes nationalgovernment regulatory requirements. Users needing furthergeneral background on sound and sound measurement aredirected to the books listed in the Refe
7、rences section.1.4 Criteria in RegulationsCertain criteria are specified tobe used by government regulation, law, or ordinance forspecific purposes. Ease of enforcement and cost impact ongovernment are considerations for these criteria. They may notbe the most appropriate criteria in some circumstan
8、ces. Thisguide will discuss the limitations of these criteria.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica
9、-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 634 Terminology Relating to Environmental AcousticsE 966 Guide for Field Measurement of Airborne SoundInsulation of Building Facades and Facade ElementsE 1014 Guide for Measurement of Outdoor A-WeightedSound
10、LevelsE 1503 Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound Mea-surements Using a Digital Statistical Analysis System2.2 ANSI Standards:3ANSI S1.4 American National Standard Specification forSound Level MetersANSI S1.11 American National Standard Specification forOctave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Ana
11、log andDigital FiltersANSI S1.13 American National Standard Measurement ofSound Pressure Levels in AirANSI S3.1 American National Standard Maximum Permis-sible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test RoomsANSI S3.4 American National Standard Procedure for theComputation of Loudness of NoiseANSI S3
12、.14 American National Standard for Rating Noisewith Respect to Speech InterferenceANSI S12.4 American National Standard Method for As-sessment of High-Energy Impulsive Sounds with Respectto Residential CommunitiesANSI S12.7 American National Standard Methods for Mea-surement of Impulse NoiseANSI S12
13、.9 American National Standard Quantities andProcedures for Description and Measurement of Environ-mental Sound1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E33 on EnvironmentalAcoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.09 on CommunityNoise.Current edition approved Oct. 1
14、, 2003. Published October 2003. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in E 168602.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
15、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 ISO Standards:3ISO 532 Acoustics
16、Method for Calculating LoudnessLevelISO 1996 Assessment of Noise with Respect to CommunityResponseISO 1999 AcousticsDetermination of Occupational NoiseExposures and Estimation of Noise Induced HearingImpairmentISO 2204 Guide to the Measurement ofAirborneAcousticalNoise and Evaluation of Its Effects
17、on Man2.4 IEC Standard:4IEC Standard 804 Integrating Averaging Sound LevelMeters3. Terminology3.1 GeneralThis guide provides guidance for variousmeasurement methods and criteria defined in other documents.Most basic terms are defined in Terminology C 634.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Sta
18、ndard:3.2.1 community noise equivalent level (CNEL)see day-evening-night average sound level.3.2.2 day-evening-night average sound level, LFdenwhereF is the frequency weighting (understood to be A if deleted),nd, (dB), na time average sound level computed for acalendar day period with the addition o
19、f 4.77 dB to all levelsbetween 7:00 pm and 10:00 pm, and 10 dB to all levels after10:00 pm and before 7:00 am. A-weighting is understoodunless clearly stated otherwise.3.2.3 day-night average sound level (DNL), LFdnwhere Fis the frequency weighting (understood to beAif deleted), nd,(dB), na time ave
20、rage sound level computed for a calendarday period with the addition of 10 dB to all levels after 10:00pm and before 7:00 am. A-weighting is understood unlessclearly stated otherwise.3.2.4 loudness, (sone), nthat attribute of auditory sensa-tion in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a scaleexte
21、nding from soft to loud. ANSI S1.13.2.5 normalization, nas applied to the evaluation ofnoise in communities, the practice of adjusting a measuredsound level to compare to criteria that are based on conditionsdifferent from those present at the time or location of themeasurement.3.2.6 sound exposure
22、levelFSEL where the F denotes thefrequency weighting (understood to beAif deleted), LFEwherethe F denotes the frequency weighting (understood to be A ifdeleted), nd, (dB), nten times the logarithm to the base tenof the ratio of a given time integral of squared instantaneousfrequency-weighted sound p
23、ressure, over a stated time intervalor event, to the product of the squared reference sound pressureof 20 micropascals and reference duration of one second.3.2.7 speech interference level, SIL, LSI,nd, (db), none-fourth of the sum of the band sound pressure levels for octavebands with nominal mid-ba
24、nd frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000,and 4000 Hz. ANSI S1.13.2.8 time above (s or min per h or day), nthe durationthat the sound level or time-average sound level exceeds acorresponding specified level during a specified total measure-ment period. If sound level is used, then the time weightingshall be
25、 specified; if time-average sound level is used, then themeasurement time interval for each sample shall be specified.The frequency weighting should be specified; otherwise, theA-weighting will be understood. The unit for time in the ratioshall be stated, for example, as seconds or minutes per hour
26、orday. ANSI S12.93.2.9 time-weighted average sound level, TWA, nd, (dB),nan indicator of hearing damage risk during a workday ofany length expressed as an equivalent 8 h steady level. TheTWA is not always based on an energy-equivalent or 3 dBexchange rate. Pertinent regulations specify an exchange r
27、ateindicating the number of decibels considered to double hearingdamage risk. Such regulations also may specify computationbased on sampled measurements of theA-slow-weighted soundlevel, and a threshold level below which sound levels are notincluded in the computation of the TWA.3.3 Index of TermsTh
28、e following commonly used termsare discussed in the sections referenced in this guide.Term ParagraphA-weighting 6.2C-weighting 6.2community noise equivalent level 8.5.3day-evening-night average sound level 8.5.3day-night average sound level 8.5.2equivalent level 6.5 and 8.5.1fast, time weighting or
29、sound level 6.3impulse, time weighting or sound level 6.3loudness 8.11maximum sound level 8.3normalization 7.4octave band, or 1/3 octave band 6.6 and 8.9peak sound pressure level 6.4 and 8.4percentile level 8.6slow, time weighting or sound level 6.3sound exposure level 8.5.4speech interference level
30、 8.10time above 8.7time average sound level 6.5 and 8.5.1time-weighted average sound level 8.84. Significance and Use4.1 Evaluation of Environmental NoiseEnvironmentalnoise is evaluated by comparing a measurement or predictionof the noise to one or more criteria. There are many differentcriteria and
31、 ways of measuring and specifying noise, depend-ing on the purpose of the evaluation.4.2 Selection of CriteriaThis guide assists in selecting theappropriate criteria and measurement method to evaluate noise.In making the selection, the user should consider the following:purpose of the evaluation (co
32、mpatibility, activity interference,aesthetics, annoyance, hearing damage, etc.); type of data thatare available or could be available (A-weighted, octave-band,average level, maximum level, day-night level, etc.); availablebudget for instrumentation and manpower to obtain that data;and regulatory or
33、legal requirements for the use of a specificcriterion. After selecting a measurement method, the usershould consult appropriate references for more detailed guid-ance.4Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 Rue deVarembe, CH 1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.E16860325. Bases of
34、 Criteria5.1 Most criteria for environmental noise are based on theprevention of problems for people. However, there are criteriafor evaluating effects on animals, physical damage to struc-tures, or reduced utility of property. When selecting criteria toevaluate a situation, it is very important to
35、recognize the manydifferent problems that may be caused by the noise.5.1.1 Health ImpactsDamage to human hearing is thebest documented effect of noise on health, with the bestestablished criteria. Damage depends on sound levels andexposure time. Most noise-induced hearing loss is due toexposure over
36、 several years. People are often annoyed by noiseat a much lower level than that required to damage hearing.This annoyance causes stress that can aggravate some physicalconditions. Criteria for preventing these problems are usuallybased on annoyance. Research has shown some physicalreactions of the
37、human body to sound.5.1.2 Speech or Communication InterferenceSpeechcommunication is essential to the daily activities of mostpeople. There are criteria for the background sound levelsneeded to allow such communication.5.1.3 Sleep InterferenceHigh levels of sound and changesin sound level affect the
38、 quality of sleep or awaken sleepers.5.1.4 Task InterferenceHigh sound levels can eitherhinder or improve the performance of a task. The effectdepends on the nature of the task as well as the sound.5.1.5 Annoyance and Community ReactionAnnoyanceand community reaction are different effects. Annoyance
39、 is apersonal reaction to noise. Community reaction is evidencedby complaints to authorities. Some people are annoyed but donot complain. Some people use noise as an excuse to complainwhen they are not annoyed directly by a sound. Often annoy-ance and reaction are related to speech or sleep interfer
40、ence,reduced environmental aesthetics, or the effect of these factorson the utility and value of property. Many of the criteriadeveloped for noise in residential communities are based onsurvey studies of annoyance or on adverse community reactiondirected to public officials.5.1.6 AestheticsCertain q
41、uantitative criteria can be usedto identify sounds that have been found to be aestheticallyunpleasing. Often such sounds contain strong discrete tones orare otherwise unbalanced in spectral content. This makes themparticularly perceptible and intrusive, especially if they arepersistent. Spectral cri
42、teria are used to specify or evaluate theaesthetic quality of the sound present. Some criteria can beused to evaluate whether a sound is rumbly or hissy, or has aperceptible or prominent tone. Sounds that do not meetaesthetic quality criteria are sometimes restricted to numeri-cally lower overall A-
43、weighted sound levels.5.1.7 Land Use CompatibilityNoise compatibility criteriahave been developed for land use planning. These are mostuseful in determining whether a certain type of developmentcan be made compatible with existing noise. Care is necessarywhen applying these criteria to evaluate a ne
44、w noise in anexisting community that was developed without anticipation ofthe noise.5.1.8 Effects on WildlifeResearch has established someeffects of noise on wildlife. However, additional research isneeded to establish appropriate criteria.6. Basics of Sound Measurement6.1 IntroductionSound usually
45、is measured with a soundlevel meter. The basic instrument usually includes a choice ofboth frequency and time weightings. Frequency weightingadjusts the relative strength of sounds occurring at differentfrequencies before the level is indicated by the meter. Timeweighting determines the reaction of
46、the meter to rapidlychanging sound levels. Some meters can respond to theinstantaneous peak level and store or hold the highest value.Basic characteristics and tolerances of meters are specified inANSI S1.4. Many meters called integrating-averaging metersalso include the ability to measure the time
47、average sound levelover a period. This capability is defined in IEC Standard 804.Meters may include filters to measure sound in specificfrequency bands. Specifications for these are found in AN-SI S1.11. A classification of the types of sounds, as well asbasic procedures for taking sound pressure le
48、vel measurementsat a single point in space, are found in ANSI S1.13.6.2 Frequency WeightingsSeveral frequency-weightingnetworks (filters) have been internationally standardized.These networks provide a better match between measuredresults and human perception. The two used most frequentlyare designa
49、ted A-weighting and C-weighting.6.2.1 A-weighting is the most commonly used. It is usedwhen a single-number overall sound level is needed. Resultsare expected to indicate human perception or the effects ofsound on humans. A-weighting accounts for the reducedsensitivity of humans to low-frequency sounds, especially atlower sound levels.6.2.2 C-weighting is sometimes used to evaluate soundscontaining strong low-frequency components. It was originallydevised to approximate human perception of high-levelsounds.6.2.3 B, D, and E weightings also exist
