1、Designation: E1686 101Standard Guide forApplying Environmental Noise Measurement Methods andCriteria1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1686; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections made throughout in September 2015.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers many measurement methods andcriteria for evaluatin
3、g environmental noise. It includes thefollowing:1.1.1 The use of weightings, penalties, and normalizationfactors;1.1.2 Types of noise measurements and criteria, indicatingtheir limitations and best uses;1.1.3 Sources of criteria;1.1.4 Recommended procedures for criteria selection;1.1.5 A catalog of
4、selected available criteria; and1.1.6 Suggested applications of sound level measurementsand criteria.1.2 Criteria SelectionThis guide will assist users in se-lecting criteria for the following:1.2.1 Evaluating the effect of existing or potential outdoorsounds on a community; or1.2.2 Establishing or
5、revising local noise ordinances, codes,or bylaws, including performance standards in zoning regula-tions.1.3 Reasons for CriteriaThis guide discusses the manyreasons for noise criteria, ways sound can be measured andspecified, and advantages and disadvantages of the mostwidely used types of criteria
6、. The guide refers the user toappropriate documents for more detailed information andguidance. The listing of specific criteria includes nationalgovernment regulatory requirements. Users needing furthergeneral background on sound and sound measurement aredirected to the books listed in the Reference
7、s section.1.4 Criteria in RegulationsCertain criteria are specified tobe used by government regulation, law, or ordinance forspecific purposes. Ease of enforcement and cost impact ongovernment are considerations for these criteria. They may notbe the most appropriate criteria in some circumstances.
8、Thisguide will discuss the limitations of these criteria.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bili
9、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C634 Terminology Relating to Building and EnvironmentalAcousticsE966 Guide for Field Measurements of Airborne SoundAttenuation of Building Facades and Facade ElementsE1014 Guide for Measurement of Outdoor A-Weighted
10、Sound LevelsE1503 Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound Mea-surements Using a Digital Statistical Sound AnalysisSystem2.2 ANSI Standards:3ANSI S1.1 Acoustical TerminologyANSI S1.4 Specification for Sound Level MetersANSI S1.11 Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Di
11、gital FiltersANSI S1.111966 Specification for Octave, Half-Octave,and Third-Octave Band Filter SetsANSI S1.13 Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels in AirANSI S1.43 Specifications for Integrating-Averaging SoundLevel MetersANSI S3.4 Procedure for the Computation of Loudness ofNoiseANSI S3.14 Rating N
12、oise with Respect to Speech Interfer-ence1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building andEnvironmentalAcoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.09 onCommunity Noise.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallyapproved in 1
13、995. Last previous edition approved in E168602. DOI: 10.1520/E1686-10E012For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AS
14、TM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.Available from American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
15、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ANSI S12.4 Method for Assessment of High-Energy Impul-sive Sounds with Respect to Residential CommunitiesANSI S12.7 Methods for Measurement of Impulse NoiseANSI S12.9 Quantities and Procedures for Description andMeasurement of Environmental S
16、ound, Part 1Part 2Measurement of Long-Term, Wide-Area SoundPart 3Short Term Measurements with an Observer Pres-entPart 4Noise Assessment and Prediction of Long-TermCommunity ResponsePart 5Sound Level Descriptors for Determination ofCompatible Land UsePart 6 Methods for Estimation ofAwakeningsAssocia
17、tedwith Outdoor Noise Events Heard in Homes2.3 ISO Standards:3ISO 532 AcousticsMethod for Calculating LoudnessLevelISO 1996 Assessment of Noise with Respect to CommunityResponseISO 1999 Acoustics Determination of occupational noiseexposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impair-mentISO 2204
18、Guide to the Measurement of Airborne AcousticalNoise and Evaluation of Its Effects on Man2.4 IEC Standard:4IEC Standard 61672 Electroacoustics-Sound Level Meters2.5 DIN Standard:5DIN 45692 Measurement technique for the simulation ofauditory sensation of sharpness (in German)3. Terminology3.1 General
19、This guide provides guidance for variousmeasurement methods and criteria defined in other documents.Most acoustical terms used in both this and other ASTMstandards are defined in Terminology C634 along with theirabbreviations and symbols for use in equations.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
20、 Standard: Thefollowing terms are not used in other ASTM standards:3.2.1 community noise equivalent level (CNEL)see day-evening-night average sound level.3.2.2 day-evening-night average sound level, L*denwhere* is a letter denoting the frequency weighting (understood to beA if deleted), (dB), na tim
21、e average sound level computedfor a calendar day period with the addition of 4.77 dB to alllevels between 7:00 pm and 10:00 pm, and 10 dB to all levelsafter 10:00 pm and before 7:00 am. A-weighting is understoodunless clearly stated otherwise.3.2.3 day-night average sound level (DNL), L*dnwhere *is
22、a letter denoting the frequency weighting (understood to beA if deleted), (dB), na time average sound level computedfor a calendar day period with the addition of 10 dB to alllevels after 10:00 pm and before 7:00 am. A-weighting isunderstood unless clearly stated otherwise.3.2.4 loudness, (sone), nt
23、hat attribute of auditory sensa-tion in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a scaleextending from soft to loud. ANSI S1.13.2.5 normalization, nas applied to the evaluation ofnoise in communities, the practice of adjusting a measuredsound level to compare to criteria that are based on conditionsd
24、ifferent from those present at the time or location of themeasurement.3.2.6 sound exposure level,*SEL where * is a letter thatdenotes the frequency weighting (understood to be A ifdeleted), L*Ewhere * is a letter that denotes the frequencyweighting (understood to be A if deleted), (dB), nten timesth
25、e logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of a given time integralof squared instantaneous frequency-weighted sound pressure,over a stated time interval or event, to the product of thesquared reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals andreference duration of one second.3.2.7 speech interference lev
26、el, SIL, LSI, (dB), none-fourthof the sum of the band sound pressure levels for octave bandswith nominal mid-band frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and4000 Hz.3.2.8 time above (s or min per h or day), nthe durationthat the sound level or time-average sound level exceeds acorresponding specified level
27、during a specified total measure-ment period. If sound level is used, then the time weightingshall be specified; if time-average sound level is used, then themeasurement time interval for each sample shall be specified.The frequency weighting should be specified; otherwise, theA-weighting will be un
28、derstood. The unit for time in the ratioshall be stated, for example, as seconds or minutes per hour orday. ANSI S12.9, Part 13.3 Index of TermsThe following commonly used termsare discussed in the sections referenced in this guide.Term ParagraphA-weighting 6.2C-weighting 6.2community noise equivale
29、nt level 8.5.3day-evening-night average sound level 8.5.3day-night average sound level 8.5.2equivalent level 6.5 and 8.5.1fast, time weighting or sound level 6.3impulse, time weighting or sound level 6.3loudness 8.11maximum sound level 8.3normalization 7.4octave band, or 1/3 octave band 6.6 and 8.9p
30、eak sound pressure level 6.4 and 8.4percentile level 8.6slow, time weighting or sound level 6.3sound exposure level 8.5.4speech interference level 8.10time above 8.7time average sound level 6.5 and 8.5.14. Significance and Use4.1 Evaluation of Environmental NoiseEnvironmentalnoise is evaluated by co
31、mparing a measurement or predictionof the noise to one or more criteria. There are many differentcriteria and ways of measuring and specifying noise, depend-ing on the purpose of the evaluation.4Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-1211
32、, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.5Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN- DIN Deutsches Institut furNormung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http:/www.en.din.de.E1686 10124.2 Selection of CriteriaThis guide assists in selecting theappropriate criteria and measurement meth
33、od to evaluate noise.In making the selection, the user should consider the following:purpose of the evaluation (compatibility, activity interference,aesthetics, comfort, annoyance, health effects, hearing damage,etc.); type of data that are available or could be available(A-weighted, octave-band, av
34、erage level, maximum level,day-night level, calibrated recordings including .wav files fromwhich various measurements could be made, etc.); availablebudget for instrumentation and manpower to obtain that data;and regulatory or legal requirements for the use of a specificcriterion. After selecting a
35、measurement method, the usershould consult appropriate references for more detailed guid-ance.4.3 Objective versus Subjective EvaluationsThe overallsound environment as perceived outdoors is often called asoundscape. Soundscapes have both objective (quantitative)and subjective (qualitative) attribut
36、es. This guide is limited tothe objective measurement and evaluation of sound foundoutdoors though the criteria used may be influenced byqualitative factors. Current soundscape research involvesevaluation methods and criteria that rely extensively on quali-tative factors, both acoustical and non-aco
37、ustical, while includ-ing requirements for quantitative sound measurement. Twobasic tenets of quantitative soundscape measurements are thatthe ambient sound at a location is comprised of a combinationof specific acoustic events that can be measured individuallyand in combinations; and that the sound
38、s should be measuredusing methods that represent the ways in which they are heardby people. (1)65. Bases of Criteria5.1 Most criteria for environmental noise are based on theprevention of problems for people. However, there are criteriafor evaluating effects on animals, physical damage tostructures,
39、 or reduced utility of property. When selectingcriteria to evaluate a situation, it is very important to recognizethe many different problems that may be caused by the noise.Sound-scape methods address aesthetic components of soundsand provide for comfortable or satisfying sounds in addition topreve
40、nting noise problems. (1)5.1.1 Health ImpactsDamage to human hearing is the bestdocumented effect of noise on health, with the best establishedcriteria. Damage depends on sound levels and exposure time.Most noise-induced hearing loss is due to exposure overseveral years. People are often annoyed by
41、noise at a muchlower level than that required to damage hearing. This annoy-ance causes stress that can aggravate some physical conditions.Criteria for preventing these problems are usually based onannoyance. Research has shown some physical reactions of thehuman body to sound including cardiovascul
42、ar effects such aselevation of blood pressure, mean respiratory volume, intesti-nal irritation and endocrine system responses among others.Pyscho-social effects of noise including agitation, withdrawal,anxiety and depression among others have also been identifiedin the literature. (2, 3, 4)5.1.2 Spe
43、ech or Communication InterferenceSpeech com-munication is essential to the daily activities of most people.There are criteria for the background sound levels needed toallow such communication.5.1.3 Sleep InterferenceHigh levels of sound and changesin sound level affect the quality of sleep or awaken
44、 sleepers.See ANSI S12.9 Part 6.5.1.4 Task InterferenceHigh sound levels can either hin-der or improve the performance of a task. The effect dependson the nature of the task as well as the sound.5.1.5 Annoyance and Community ReactionAnnoyanceand community reaction are different effects. Annoyance is
45、 apersonal reaction to noise. Community reaction is evidencedby complaints to authorities. Some people are annoyed but donot complain. Some people use noise as an excuse to complainwhen they are not annoyed directly by a sound. Often annoy-ance and reaction are related to speech or sleep interferenc
46、e,reduced environmental aesthetics, or the effect of these factorson the utility and value of property. Many of the criteriadeveloped for noise in residential communities are based onsurvey studies of annoyance or on adverse community reactiondirected to public officials.5.1.6 Noise CharacteristicsC
47、ertain quantitative criteriacan be used to further restrict sounds that have been found tobe particularity noticeable, intrusive or to increase perceivedannoyance especially if persistent. Often such sounds containstrong discrete tones or are otherwise unbalanced in spectralcontent. Spectral criteri
48、a are used to specify or evaluate theaesthetic quality of the sound present. Some criteria can beused to evaluate whether a sound is rumbly or hissy, or has aperceptible or prominent tone. Other particularly noticeablesounds include information contained in speech or music aswell as impulsive sounds
49、 from gunshots, bass music beats,hammering, etc. Such sounds are sometimes restricted tonumerically lower overall A-weighted sound levels in ordi-nances and regulations. C-weighted limits or octave-bandlimits are sometimes used for sounds with strong low-frequency content that are also time variant such as music, butcare must be used that such limits are not inappropriatelyapplied to steady sounds when the problem is the timevariation. When sound levels vary strongly from an average,such as with aircraft overflights or occasional heavy truckp
