1、Designation: E1686 101E1686 16Standard Guide forApplying Environmental Noise Measurement Methods andCriteria1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1686; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEEditorial corrections made throughout in September 2015.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers many measurement methods and criteria for
3、 evaluating environmental noise. It includes the following:1.1.1 The use of weightings, penalties, and normalization factors;1.1.2 Types of noise measurements and criteria, indicating their limitations and best uses;1.1.3 Sources of criteria;1.1.4 Recommended procedures for criteria selection;1.1.5
4、A catalog of selected available criteria; and1.1.6 Suggested applications of sound level measurements and criteria.1.2 Criteria SelectionThis guide will assist users in selecting criteria for the following:1.2.1 Evaluating the effect of existing or potential outdoor sounds on a community; or1.2.2 Es
5、tablishing or revising local noise ordinances, codes, or bylaws, including performance standards in zoning regulations.1.3 Reasons for CriteriaThis guide discusses the many reasons for noise criteria, ways sound can be measured and specified,and advantages and disadvantages of the most widely used t
6、ypes of criteria. The guide refers the user to appropriate documentsfor more detailed information and guidance. The listing of specific criteria includes national government regulatory requirements.Users needing further general background on sound and sound measurement are directed to the books list
7、ed in the Referencessection.1.4 Criteria in RegulationsCertain criteria are specified to be used by government regulation, law, or ordinance for specificpurposes. Ease of enforcement and cost impact on government are considerations for these criteria. They may not be the mostappropriate criteria in
8、some circumstances. This guide will discuss the limitations of these criteria.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter
9、mine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C634 Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental AcousticsE966 Guide for Field Measurements of Airborne Sound Attenuation of Building Facades and Facade ElementsE1014 Guide for Measurement
10、of Outdoor A-Weighted Sound LevelsE1503 Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound Measurements Using a Digital Statistical Sound Analysis System2.2 ANSI Standards:3ANSI S1.1 Acoustical TerminologyANSI S1.4 Specification for Part 1, Electroacoustics Sound Level Meters Part 1: Specifications1 This guid
11、e is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.09 onCommunity Noise.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2010October 2016. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous editi
12、on approved in 2010 asE1686E1686 10102 DOI: 10.1520/E1686-10E0110.1520/E1686-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
13、n the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is i
14、ntended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the cu
15、rrent versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ANSI S1.11 Specification for Part 1, Electroacoustics Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band A
16、nalog and DigitalFiltersFilters Part 1: SpecificationsANSI S1.111966 Specification for Octave, Half-Octave, and Third-Octave Band Filter SetsANSI S1.13 Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels in AirANSI S1.43 Specifications for Integrating-Averaging Sound Level MetersANSI S3.4 Procedure for the Computa
17、tion of Loudness of NoiseANSI S3.14 Rating Noise with Respect to Speech InterferenceANSI S12.4 Method for Assessment of High-Energy Impulsive Sounds with Respect to Residential CommunitiesANSI S12.7 Methods for Measurement of Impulse NoiseANSI S12.9 Quantities and Procedures for Description and Meas
18、urement of Environmental Sound, Sound Part 11:Part 2Measurement Basic Quantities and Definitions; Part 2: Measurement of Long-Term, Wide-Area SoundSound;Part 3Short 3: Short Term Measurements with an Observer PresentPresent;Part 4Noise 4: Noise Assessment and Prediction of Long-Term Community Respon
19、seResponse;Part 5Sound 5: Sound Level Descriptors for Determination of Compatible Land UseUse;Part 66: Methods for Estimation of Awakenings Associated with Outdoor Noise Events Heard in HomesANSI S12.100 Methods to Define and Measure the Residual Sound in Protected Natural and Quiet Residential Area
20、s2.3 ISO Standards:3ISO 532 AcousticsMethod for Calculating Loudness LevelISO 1996 Assessment of Noise with Respect to Community ResponseISO 1999 Acoustics Determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impairmentISO 2204 Guide to the Measurement of Airborne Aco
21、ustical Noise and Evaluation of Its Effects on Man2.4 IEC Standard:4IEC Standard 61672 Electroacoustics-Sound Level Meters2.5 DIN Standard:5DIN 4569245692 Measurement technique for the simulation of auditory sensation of sharpness (in German)2.6 United States Military Standard:6Mil Std 1474E Departm
22、ent of Defense Design Criteria Standard Noise Limits3. Terminology3.1 GeneralThis guide provides guidance for various measurement methods and criteria defined in other documents. Mostacoustical terms used in both this and other ASTM standards are defined in Terminology C634 along with their abbrevia
23、tions andsymbols for use in equations.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: The following terms are not used in other ASTM standards:3.2.1 community noise equivalent level (CNEL)see day-evening-night average sound level.3.2.2 day-evening-night average sound level, level (DENL), L*denwh
24、ere * is a letter denoting the frequency weighting(understood to be A if deleted), (dB), na time average sound level computed for a calendar day period with the addition of 4.77dB to all levels between 7:00 pm and 10:00 pm, and 10 dB to all levels after 10:00 pm and before 7:00 am. A-weighting isund
25、erstood unless clearly stated otherwise.3.2.3 day-night average sound level (DNL), L*dnwhere * is a letter denoting the frequency weighting (understood to be A ifdeleted), (dB), na time average time-average sound level computed for a calendar day period with the addition of 10 dB to alllevels after
26、10:00 pm and before 7:00 am. A-weighting is understood unless clearly stated otherwise.3.2.4 loudness, (sone), nthat attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a scale extendingfrom soft to loud. ANSI S1.13.2.5 normalization, nas applied to the evaluation of noise in
27、communities, the practice of adjusting a measured sound levelto compare to criteria that are based on conditions different from those present at the time or location of the measurement.3.2.6 residual sound, nthe all-encompassing sound, being usually a composite of sound from many sources from manydi
28、rections, near and far, remaining at a given position in a given situation when all uniquely identifiable discrete sound sourcesof particular interest or considered an interference, whether steady or intermittent, are eliminated, rendered insignificant, orotherwise not included.3.2.6.1 DiscussionRes
29、idual sound is distinguished from background noise which also includes the self-noise of measurement systems, and ambient4 Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue de Varemb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.5 Available from Beuth Verla
30、g GmbH (DIN- DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http:/www.en.din.de.6 Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.E1686 162noise which includes all sound present. It i
31、s also distinguished from a steady sound that is dominant between discrete events. Thespecific sounds excluded from the residual sounds should be identified. If the excluded sound is intermittent, the residual soundmay be approximated by the L90. If an excluded sound is steady and there are intermit
32、tent events, the L90 can be used toapproximate the level of such steady sound and the residual sound must be measured with the steady source not operating orapproximated by a measurement at a nearby location where the steady source is not dominant. Though “background noise” bydefinition includes ins
33、trument self-noise, the terms “background sound” and “background noise” are often used interchangeablywith “residual sound” when it is known that instrument self-noise is not an issue.3.2.7 sound exposure level,*SEL where * is a letter that denotes the frequency weighting (understood to be A if dele
34、ted), L*Ewhere * is a letter that denotes the frequency weighting (understood to be A if deleted), (dB), nten times the logarithm to thebase ten of the ratio of a given time integral of squared instantaneous frequency-weighted sound pressure, over a stated timeinterval or event, to the product of th
35、e squared reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals and reference duration of one second.3.2.8 speech interference level, SIL, LSI, (dB), none-fourth of the sum of the band sound pressure levels for octave bands withnominal mid-band frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz.3.2.9 time above (s o
36、r min per h or day), nthe duration that the sound level or time-average sound level exceeds acorresponding specified level during a specified total measurement period. If sound level is used, then the time weighting shall bespecified; if time-average sound level is used, then the measurement time in
37、terval for each sample shall be specified.The frequencyweighting should be specified; otherwise, the A-weighting will be understood. The unit for time in the ratio shall be stated, forexample, as seconds or minutes per hour or day. ANSI S12.9, Part 13.3 Index of TermsThe following commonly used term
38、s are discussed in the sections referenced in this guide.Term ParagraphA-weighting 6.2C-weighting 6.2community noise equivalent level 8.5.3day-evening-night average sound level 8.5.3day-night average sound level 8.5.2equivalent level 6.5 and 8.5.1fast, time weighting or sound level 6.3impulse, time
39、weighting or sound level 6.3loudness 8.11maximum sound level 8.3normalization 7.4octave band, or 1/3 octave band 6.6 and 8.9octave band, or one-third octave band 6.6 and 8.9peak sound pressure level 6.4 and 8.4percentile level 8.6slow, time weighting or sound level 6.3sound exposure level 8.5.4speec
40、h interference level 8.10time above 8.7time average sound level 6.5 and 8.5.1time-average sound level 6.5 and 8.5.14. Significance and Use4.1 Evaluation of Environmental NoiseEnvironmental noise is evaluated by comparing a measurement or prediction of thenoise to one or more criteria. There are many
41、 different criteria and ways of measuring and specifying noise, depending on thepurpose of the evaluation.4.2 Selection of CriteriaThis guide assists in selecting the appropriate criteria and measurement method to evaluate noise. Inmaking the selection, the user should consider the following: purpos
42、e of the evaluation (compatibility, activity interference,aesthetics, comfort, annoyance, health effects, hearing damage, etc.); type of data that are available or could be available(A-weighted, octave-band, average level, maximum level, day-night level, calibrated recordings including .wav files fr
43、om whichvarious measurements could be made, etc.); available budget for instrumentation and manpower to obtain that data; and regulatoryor legal requirements for the use of a specific criterion.After selecting a measurement method, the user should consult appropriatereferences for more detailed guid
44、ance.4.3 Objective versus Subjective EvaluationsThe overall sound environment as perceived outdoors is often called asoundscape. Soundscapes have both objective (quantitative) and subjective (qualitative) attributes. This guide is limited to theobjective measurement and evaluation of sound found out
45、doors though the criteria used may be influenced by qualitative factors.Current soundscape research involves evaluation methods and criteria that rely extensively on qualitative factors, both acousticaland non-acoustical, while including requirements for quantitative sound measurement. Two basic ten
46、ets of quantitative soundscapeE1686 163measurements are that the ambient sound at a location is comprised of a combination of specific acoustic events that can bemeasured individually and in combinations; and that the sounds should be measured using methods that represent the ways inwhich they are h
47、eard by people. (1)75. Bases of Criteria5.1 Most criteria for environmental noise are based on the prevention of problems for people. However, there are criteria forevaluating effects on animals, physical damage to structures, or reduced utility of property. When selecting criteria to evaluate asitu
48、ation, it is very important to recognize the many different problems that may be caused by the noise. Sound-scape methodsaddress aesthetic components of sounds and provide for comfortable or satisfying sounds in addition to preventing noiseproblems.(1)5.1.1 Health ImpactsDamage to human hearing is t
49、he best documented effect of noise on health, with the best establishedcriteria. Damage depends on sound levels and exposure time. Most noise-induced hearing loss is due to exposure over severalyears. People are often annoyed by noise at a much lower level than that required to damage hearing. This annoyance causes stressthat can aggravate some physical conditions. Criteria for preventing these problems are usually based on annoyance. Research hasshown some physical reactions of the human body to sound including cardiovascular e
