1、Designation: E2061 12E2061 15 An American National StandardStandard Guide forFire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2061; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe traditional approach to codes and standards is the specification of individual fire-test-respo
3、nserequirements for each material, component, or product that is found in a given environment and isdeemed important to maintain satisfactory levels of fire safety. This practice has been in place for solong that it gives a significant level of comfort; manufacturers know what is required to comply
4、withthe specifications and specifiers simply apply the requirements. The implicit assumptions are notstated, but they are that the use of the prescribed requirements ensures an adequate level of safety.There is no need to impose any change on those manufacturers who supply safe systems meetingexisti
5、ng prescriptive requirements; however, as new materials, components, and products aredeveloped, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire the flexibility to choose how overallsafety requirements are to be met. It is the responsibility of developers of alternative approaches tostate expli
6、citly the assumptions being made which result in a design having an equivalent level ofsafety. One way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to use a performance-based approach,based on test methods that provide data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safety engineeringcalculatio
7、ns, as this guide provides.This fire hazard assessment guide focuses on rail transportation vehicles. Such a fire hazardassessment requires developing all crucial fire scenarios that must be considered and consideration ofthe effect of all contents and designs within the rail transportation vehicle,
8、 which will potentially affectthe resulting fire hazard. The intention of this guide is that rail transportation vehicles be designedeither by meeting all the requirements of the traditional prescriptive approach or by conducting a firehazard assessment, that needs to provide adequate margins of err
9、or, in which a level of safety isobtained that is equal to or greater than the level of safety resulting from the traditional approach.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for rail transportation vehicles. It has been written to assistprofessionals, including fire safety
10、 engineers, who wish to assess the fire safety of rail transportation vehicles, during or after theirdesign (see also 1.6). This guide is not in itself a fire hazard assessment nor does it provide acceptance criteria; thus, it cannot beused for regulation.1.2 Hazard assessment is a process that resu
11、lts in an estimate of the potential severity of the fires that can develop under definedscenarios, once defined incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring. Hazardassessment is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred, consistent with a sp
12、ecified scenario, and that potential outcomesof the scenario can be reliably estimated.1.3 Consistent with 1.2, this guide provides methods to evaluate whether particular rail passenger designs provide an equal orgreater level of fire safety when compared to designs developed based on the traditiona
13、l applicable fire-test-response characteristicapproaches currently widely used in this industry. Such approaches have typically been based on prescriptive test methodologies.The following are examples of such lists of prescriptive tests: the requirements by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)(
14、Table X1.1), the former guidelines of the FRA, the requirements of NFPA 130 (Table X3.1), and the recommended practices ofthe Federal Transit Administration (FTA). Selective use of parts of the methodology in this guide and of individual1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on
15、 Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.17 on Transportation.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012Nov. 1, 2015. Published September 2012December 2015. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20092012as E2061 09a.E2061 12. DOI: 10.1520/E2061-12.10.1
16、520/E2061-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users cons
17、ult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1fire-test-response characteristics
18、from Table X1.1 (or any other set of tests) does not satisfy the fire safety objectives of this guideor of the table. This guide shall be used in its entirety to develop a fire hazard assessment for rail transportation vehicles or to aidin the design of such vehicles.1.4 This guide includes and appl
19、ies accepted and clearly defined fire safety engineering techniques and methods consistent withboth existing, traditional prescriptive codes and standards and performance based fire codes and standards under developmentthroughout the world.1.5 This guide provides recommended methods to mitigate pote
20、ntial damage from fires in rail transportation vehicles, byassessing the comparative fire hazard of particular products, assemblies, systems or overall designs intended for use in railtransportation vehicles. Such methods could include changes to the materials, components, products, assemblies, or s
21、ystemsinvolved in the construction of the rail transportation vehicle or changes in the design features of the vehicle, including the numberand location of automatically activated fire safety devices present (see 4.4.4 for further details).1.6 This guide is intended, among other things, to be of ass
22、istance to personnel addressing issues associated with the followingareas.1.6.1 Design and specification of rail transportation vehicles.1.6.2 Fabrication of rail transportation vehicles.1.6.3 Supply of assemblies, subassemblies, and component materials, for use in rail transportation vehicles.1.6.4
23、 Operation of rail transportation vehicles.1.6.5 Provision of a safe environment for all occupants of a rail transportation vehicle.1.7 The techniques provided in this guide are based on specific assumptions in terms of rail transportation vehicle designs,construction and fire scenarios. These techn
24、iques can be used to provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazards from a specifiedset of fire conditions, involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. Such an assessment cannot be relied upon to predictthe hazard of actual fires, which involve conditions, or vehicle designs, other th
25、an those assumed in the analysis. In particular, thefire hazard may be affected by the anticipated use pattern of the vehicle.1.8 This guide can be used to analyze the estimated fire performance of the vehicle specified under defined specific firescenarios. Under such scenarios, incidents will begin
26、 either inside or outside a vehicle, and ignition sources can involve vehicleequipment as well as other sources. The fire scenarios to be used are described in detail in Section 5.3.1.8.1 Fires with more severe initiating conditions than those assumed in an analysis may pose more severe fire hazard
27、than thatcalculated using the techniques provided in this guide. For this reason severe fire conditions must be considered as part of an arrayof fire scenarios.1.9 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1166 Test Method for Flam
28、e Propagation of Dense and Cellular Elastomeric Gaskets and AccessoriesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel FabricsD3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and Molded Urethane FoamsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flamma
29、bility of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables WhenBurning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, Smoke Obscuratio
30、n, and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating MaterialsContained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating MaterialsContained in Electrical or Optical
31、Fiber CablesE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and MaterialsE162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Coveri
32、ng Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid MaterialsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile MethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame
33、Spread PropertiesE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolum
34、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.E2061 152E1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire ModelsE1472 Guide for Documenting Computer Software for Fire Models (Withdrawn 2011)3E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release
35、Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or CompositesUsing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption CalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered FurnitureE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment StandardsE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1591 Guide f
36、or Obtaining Data for Fire Growth ModelsE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Cov
37、ering orCeiling Covering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterF1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Cushioning Materials After WaterLeaching2.2 NFPA Standards:4NFPA 70 National Electrical CodeNFPA 130 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit SystemsNFPA 262 Stan
38、dard Method of Test for Flame Travel and Smoke of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-Handling SpacesNFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringsNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.3 ISO Standards:5ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabula
39、ryISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile ProductsISO 9705 Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface Products2.4 Federal Aviation Administration Standards:6FAR 25.1359 Federal Aviation Administration 60 Bunsen Burner Test for Electric WireFAR 25.853 (a) Federal Aviation Administration Vertica
40、l Bunsen Burner TestFAR 25.853 (c) Federal Aviation Administration Oil Burner Test for Seat Cushions2.5 Other Federal Standards:7Americans with Disabilities ActFED STD 191A Textile Test Method 58302.6 Underwriters Laboratories Standards:8UL 44: Standard for Safety for Thermoset-Insulated Wires and C
41、ablesUL 83: Standard for Safety for Thermoplastic-Insulated Wires and CablesUL 1581: Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords, 1080 (VW-1 (Vertical Wire) Flame Test)UL 1581: Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords, 1160 Vertical Tray Flame TestU
42、L 1685: Standard Vertical Tray Fire Propagation and Smoke Release Test for Electrical and Optical Fiber CablesUL 1975: Standard Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decorative Purposes2.7 Canadian Standards Association Standards:9CSA Standard C22.2 No. 3, Test Methods for Electrical Wires and Cab
43、les, Vertical Flame TestCables in Cable Trays/FT42.8 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Standards:10IEEE Standard 383, Standard for Type Tests of Class 1E Electric Cables, Field Splices, and Connections for Nuclear PowerGenerating Stations2.9 National Electrical Manufacturing Associati
44、on Standards:11NEMA WC 3/ICEA S-19, Rubber-Insulated Wire and Cable for the Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy2.10 CA Standards:12CA Technical Bulletin 129, Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public BuildingsCA Technical Bulletin 133, Flammability Test Procedure fo
45、r Seating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 022699101.5 Available from International Organization for Standard
46、ization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.6 Available from the Federal Aviation Administration, Technical Center, Atlantic City International Airport, Atlantic City, N
47、J 08405.7 Available from General ServicesAdministration, SpecificationsActivity, Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant, Washington, DC 20407.8 Available from Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.9 Available from the Canadian Standard
48、s Associations, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3.10 Available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.11 Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 North 17th St., Ste 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209
49、.12 Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, State of California, Department of ConsumerAffairs, 3485 Orange GroveAvenue, NorthHighlands, CA 956605595.E2061 1532.11 AATCC Standards:13Test Method 86 - 2005 Drycleaning: Durability of Applied Designs and FinishesTest Method 124 - 2006 Appearance of Fabrics after Repeated Home Laundering3. Terminology3.1 Definitions For terms related to fire used in this guide, refer to Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, theterminology in Terminology E176 shall prevail. For terms relatin
