1、Designation: E2751 12E2751/E2751M 13Standard Practice forDesign and Performance of Supported Laminated GlassWalkways1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2751;E2751/E2751M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass lan
3、dings constructed withlaminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristicsunique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existingreferenced standards.1.2
4、 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glasstiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pou
5、nd units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are for mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not consideredstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independen
6、tly of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and h
7、ealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1028 Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the HorizontalDynamometer Pull-Meter MethodC1036 Specificat
8、ion for Flat GlassC1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat GlassC1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat GlassE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in BuildingsF609 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pul
9、l Slipmeter (HPS)2.2 ANSI Standards:3ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3-2007 ANSI Technical Report, Using Variable Angle Tribometers (VAT) for Measurement of the SlipResistance of Walkway Surfaces2.3 UL Standards:4UL 410 Standard for Safety for Slip Resistance of Floor Surface Materials3. Terminology3.1 Definitio
10、nsFor definitions of general terms related to building construction used in this practice, refer to TerminologyE631.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56 on Performanceof Railing Systems and
11、 Glass for Floors and Stairs.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012May 1, 2013. Published December 2012June 2013. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approveapproved in 20112012as E2751 11. DOI: 10.1520/E2751-12.12. DOI: 10.1520/E2751_E2751M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit the
12、ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY
13、 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas, WA 98607-8542, http:/.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becaus
14、eit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 duration of loadthe period of continuous application of a given load, or the aggregate of periods of intermittentapplications of the same load.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAny l
16、oad duration longer than one hour shall be considered a permanent load. Uniformly distributed live loads shall have a loadduration of at least one hour. Concentrated live loads shall have a load duration of at least ten minutes.3.2.2 ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) interlayerco-polymer of ethylene and
17、vinyl acetate used to permanently bond two or morelites of glass.3.2.3 glass-clad polycarbonate laminateassembly consisting of two or more lites of glass and one or more sheets ofpolycarbonate bonded by interlayers.3.2.4 ionomer interlayera partially neutralized copolymer of ethylene and acrylic or
18、methacrylic acid, used to permanentlybond two or more lites of glass.3.2.5 laminated glassan assembly consisting of two or more lites of glass bonded by an interlayer.3.2.6 liquid resin interlayerliquid formulations, generally polyester-, urethane-, or acrylic-based, that react to form solidinterlay
19、ers after being introduced between two lites of glass.3.2.7 polyurethane interlayerpolymer sheeting based on isocyanates and mostly polyester or acrylic polyols, or both.3.2.8 polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayerpolymer sheeting prepared from polyvinyl alcohol by reaction with butyraldehydeused to per
20、manently bond two or more lites of glass.3.2.9 post-breakage glass retentionthe ability of the broken glass to remain in place so as to reduce cutting and piercinginjuries from the broken shards and to prevent fall through or glass fallout.3.2.10 slip resistantthe provision of adequate slip resistan
21、ce to reduce the likelihood of slip for pedestrians using reasonablecare on the walking surface under expected use conditions.3.2.11 supported glass walkwayany glass walkway with a free spanning section, including continuous or local multiplesupports at the edge or any location of the glass.3.2.12 w
22、alkway surfacesinterior and exterior walking surfaces constructed and intended for pedestrian use, including but notlimited to floors, ramps, sidewalks, and stair treads.4. Significance and Use4.1 Glass is a brittle material with different time and temperature-dependent properties than other solid m
23、aterials used aswalkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is an important consideration in the design and construction of glass treads andglass landings constructed with laminated glass.4.2 Post-breakage glass retention is an important consideration in the design of a glass walkway system as a
24、 means ofminimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-through or fallout of the glass.4.3 The structural design shall be confirmed by calculations by a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.4.4 If testing is required (see 4.4.1-4.4.3) to verify post-glass breakage beha
25、vior of the glass walkway, the testing shall be inaccordance with Section 6.4.4.1 For laminates with two glass plies, verification testing is required.4.4.2 For laminates with more than two glass plies, verification testing is not required provided that calculations completed inaccordance with 4.3 d
26、emonstrate that the glass assembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design load with any one glassply broken.4.4.3 When verifying post-breakage behavior by calculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration in accordance withTable 1 shall be used for all load cases.4.5 The manuf
27、acturer or designer of glass walkway systems shall provide installation directions and fabrication and installationtolerances of their systems.4.6 The structural integrity of the glass walkway system after glass breakage shall be sufficient to support the design loads afterany one glass ply is broke
28、n. If damage of any kind occurs, the walkway shall be cordoned off and the installation shall be inspectedto ensure structural integrity and pedestrian safety of the system.5. Calculation Procedure5.1 Use established engineering methods, such as engineering mechanics or finite element analysis, to d
29、etermine glass assemblystresses and deflections. Such methods shall account for temperature, boundary conditions, loading requirements, load duration,interlayer properties, and glass strength.E2751/E2751M 1325.2 Design Criteria:5.2.1 Assign nominal load conditions or combinations of load conditions
30、as required by the specifying authority. Additionally,the final design shall include consideration of a concentrated live load of at least 136 kg (300 lb)300 lb applied to all glasswalking surfaces in a 2600 mm2 (4 in. 4 in.2) area.5.2.2 Determine maximum allowable material stress.5.2.2.1 GlassRefer
31、 to Table 1 to determine allowable glass stress.(1) Use minimum glass thickness in accordance with Specification C1036, Table 2, for design purposes.5.2.2.2 InterlayerConsult the interlayer manufacturer for interlayer material properties, load duration and temperaturebehavior. Typical interlayers ar
32、e PVB, ionomer, liquid resin, EVA, and polyurethane.5.2.2.3 Other Laminate MaterialsConsult the supplier for properties of other laminate materials, such as polycarbonate.5.2.3 The structural support system shall provide sufficient strength to support the combined applicable loads.5.2.4 Deflection o
33、f the floor members shall conform to relevant building code requirements.6. Post-breakage Verification Test Methods6.1 Assign nominal load conditions or combinations of load conditions as required by the specifying authority.6.2 Test for the dominant load case (uniform load or concentrated load) as
34、determined by calculations in accordance withSection 5.6.3 Test the glass as a system with frame and attachments.6.4 For walkways with two supported edges, test a panel with the largest span between supports. For walkways with three ormore supported edges, test the sample size that represents the mo
35、st demanding or highest stress condition.6.5 Condition glass for at least four hours at the same temperature at which it will be tested.6.6 Conduct testing at the maximum temperature for the intended use environment. When the intended end use environment isunknown, conduct testing at 50C and 0C 6 5C
36、.6.7 Concentrated Load Testing:TABLE 1 Allowable Glass Stresses for Nominal Load ConditionsNOTE 1An allowable stress reduction factor of 0.5 is recommendedfor disruptive surface treatments, for example, acid etching orsandblasting, unless otherwise provided by the manufacturer. A glassstress reducti
37、on factor may be required for some patterned glasses; consultthe manufacturer.NOTE 2Values derived from Practice E1300, Table X9.1 (seamededges), factored for load duration using Practice E1300, Equation X7.1,using n = 16 for annealed glass, n = 32 for heat strengthened glass, andn = 48 for tempered
38、 glass.Glass Type 3-secMPa (psi) 10-minMPa (psi) 60-minMPa (psi) PermanentMPa (psi)Annealed 18.3 (2650) 13.2 (1902) 11.7 (1701) 5.7 (827)Heat-strengthened36.5 (5300) 30.9 (4482) 29.2 (4235) 20.3 (2944)Tempered 73.0 (10 600) 65.3 (9471) 63.0 (9137) 49.4 (7165)TABLE 1 Allowable Glass Stresses for Nomi
39、nal Load ConditionsNOTE 1An allowable stress reduction factor of 0.5 is recommendedfor disruptive surface treatments, for example, sandblasting, unlessotherwise provided by the manufacturer. A glass stress reduction factormay be required for some acid etched or patterned glasses; consult themanufact
40、urer.NOTE 2Values derived from Practice E1300, Table X9.1 (seamededges), factored for load duration using Practice E1300, Equation X7.1,using n = 16 for annealed glass, n = 32 for heat strengthened glass, andn = 48 for tempered glass.Glass Type 3-secMPa psi 10-minMPa psi 60-minMPa psi PermanentMPa p
41、siAnnealed 18.3 2650 13.2 1902 11.7 1701 5.7 827Heat-strengthened36.5 5300 30.9 4482 29.2 4235 20.3 2944Tempered 73.0 10 600 65.3 9471 63.0 9137 49.4 7165E2751/E2751M 1336.7.1 Break any one glass lite to produce the most unfavorable results. The worst case condition shall be determined by analysisor
42、 all combinations of broken glass shall be tested.6.7.2 Apply the specified load over a 2600 mm2 (4 in. 4 in.2) area at a rate of 45.4 kg (100 lbs)100 lbs per minute up to thedesign load and hold for a duration of 10 min.6.7.3 At the conclusion of testing, no additional glass plies shall have broken
43、.6.8 Uniform Load Testing:6.8.1 Break any one glass lite to produce the most unfavorable results. Worst case condition shall be determined by analysis orall combinations of broken glass shall be tested.6.8.2 Apply the specified uniform load at a rate of 30 psf/min up to the design pressure and hold
44、for a duration of 60 min.6.8.3 At the conclusion of testing, no additional glass plies shall have broken.7. Other Considerations7.1 Slip Resistance:7.1.1 A minimum static coefficient of friction of 0.5 is recommended for walking surfaces under dry conditions. Wet orcontaminated conditions may requir
45、e the use of special precautions and measures to minimize the risk of slips and falls.7.1.2 Non-level walkways or walkways on which other special activities take place, such as lifting, running, athletic activities,may require a higher level of slip resistance.7.1.3 Appropriate levels of slip resist
46、ance can be accomplished through a variety of glass surface treatments, includingsandblasting, acid-etching, ceramic frit, embossing, kiln casting/fusing, and other processes designed to treat the walking surface.7.1.4 The selection of the slip resistant treatment shall be made according to the inte
47、nded use and desired durability of thewalking surface.7.1.5 Evaluate slip resistance using one of the following test methods or by other methods selected as appropriate for use:7.1.5.1 Test Method C10287.1.5.2 Test Method F6097.1.5.3 UL 4107.1.5.4 ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3-20077.2 Materials:7.2.1 Glass S
48、electionGlass selection is based on many factors, including strength, fabrication, durability, aesthetics, cost, andglass post- breakage post-breakage behavior.7.2.1.1 Annealed GlassRefer to Specification C1036 for requirements pertaining to flat glass.7.2.1.2 Heat-Strengthened GlassRefer to Specifi
49、cation C1048 for requirements pertaining to heat-strengthened glass.7.2.1.3 Tempered GlassRefer to Specification C1048 for requirements pertaining to tempered glass.7.2.1.4 Laminated GlassRefer to Specification C1172 for requirements pertaining to laminated glass.7.2.2 Interlayer SelectionInterlayer selection is based on many factors, including strength, fabrication, durability, aesthetics,cost, and glass post-breakage behavior.7.3 Structural Support System:7.3.1 The glass edge support system shal
