1、Designation: F1236 14F1236 15Standard Guide forVisual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1236; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to present methods and techniques for the visual inspection of electrical protective rubberprod
3、ucts. This guide also includes descriptions and photographs of irregularities found in these products.NOTE 1It is not the purpose of this guide to establish the acceptance level of any irregularity described herein. That shall be established by thestandard for each product.1.2 The values stated in i
4、nch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、 is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F496 Specification for In-Service Care of Insulating Gloves and SleevesF819 Termino
6、logy Relating to Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abrasions and scratchessurface damage that normally occurs when a product makes contact with an abrasive surface(see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).3.1.1.1 DiscussionScuff-like dama
7、ge can also occur from a brush contact with a hot object such as a soldering iron. This can sometimes look likethe graining on leather.3.1.2 age crackssurface cracks that may look like the crazing of glazed ceramics and become progressively worse with time(see Fig. 3).3.1.2.1 DiscussionIt is normall
8、y a slow oxidation process caused by exposure to sunlight and ozone in the atmosphere and starts in areas of the rubberthat are under stress.3.1.3 breakdownthe electrical discharge or arc occurring between the electrodes and through the equipment being tested (seeFig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6).3.1.4 che
9、mical blooma white or yellowish discoloration on the surface of a rubber product caused by the migration to thesurface of chemical additives used in the manufacture of the finished product (see Fig. 7).1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment fo
10、r Workers and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F18.60on Terminology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014April 1, 2015. Published December 2014May 2015. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 asF1236 96F1236 14.(2012). DOI: 10.1520/F1236-14.10.1520/F1236-
11、15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only
12、 to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versio
13、nof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 color splasha spot or blotch on the surface of a rubber product that occurred during the manufacturi
14、ng process whena contrasting colored particle of unvulcanized rubber became embedded into the finished product (see Fig. 8).3.1.6 cuts smooth incisions in the surface of the rubber that are usually caused by a sharp-edged object that can increase insize when they are placed under strain (see Fig. 9)
15、.3.1.7 depressions or indentationsa shallow recess in the surface of the rubber that exhibits a thinner rubber thickness at thebottom of the depression than in the surrounding areas (see Fig. 10).3.1.8 detergent cracks cracks that appear on the inside surface of a glove or sleeve that encircle the o
16、utline of a spot ofdetergent residue that was not removed during the cleaning and rinsing of the form prior to the dipping process.3.1.9 embedded foreign mattera particle of non-rubber material that has been molded into the finished product and may appearas a bump when the rubber is stretched (see F
17、ig. 11).3.1.10 form marksa raised or indented section on the surface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in the form.3.1.11 hard spota hardened area on the rubber surface that is usually caused by exposure to high heat or chemical attack (seeFigs. 12-15).3.1.12 mold marksa raised or ind
18、ented section on the surface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in the mold (seeFigs. 16 and 17).FIG. 1 AbrasionFIG. 2 ScratchesF1236 1523.1.13 nicks, snags, or scratchesangular tears, notches, or chip-like injuries in the surface of the rubber that have been causedby barbed wire, shar
19、p pointed tools, staples, splinters or similar sharp edged hazards (see Fig. 2, Fig. 18, and Fig. 19).3.1.14 ozone cracksa series of interlacing cracks that may start at stress points and quickly worsen as a result of rapidoxidation in a highly concentrated ozone atmosphere usually produced by elect
20、rical arcing (see Fig. 20 and Fig. 21).3.1.15 parting line or flash linea ridge of rubber left on finished products occurring at mold joints during the manufacturingprocess.3.1.16 pittinga pit-like depression in the surface of the rubber that may have been created by the rupturing of an air bubbleat
21、 or near the surface of the rubber during the manufacturing process (see Fig. 22).3.1.17 protuberancebulge or swelling that protrudes above the surface of the rubber that may have occurred duringmanufacture (see Fig. 23).3.1.18 puncturepenetration by a sharp object through the entire thickness of th
22、e rubber product (see Fig. 24).3.1.19 repair marksan area on the surface of the finished product that has a different texture due to the repair or reworkingof an irregularity in the mold or form (see Fig. 25).3.1.20 runs raised flow marks that may occur on the fingers of rubber gloves during the dip
23、ping process.3.1.21 skin breakscavities in the surface of the rubber with filmy ragged edges and smooth interior surfaces that are normallycaused by embedded dirt specks during manufacture.FIG. 3 Age CracksFIG. 4 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure Blanket: Back)F1236 1533.1.22 soft spotssurface areas of
24、the rubber that have become soft and sometimes tacky as a result of exposure to heat, oils,or chemical solvents.FIG. 5 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure Blanket: Front)FIG. 6 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure)FIG. 7 Chemical BloomF1236 1543.1.23 tears a separation of the rubber through its entire thickness,
25、 usually at an edge, that has been created by a forcefulpulling apart of the rubber (see Fig. 26 and Fig. 27).3.1.24 trackingthe formation of a carbonized path on the surface of a solid insulating medium, resulting from excessivecurrent leakage over the surface (see Fig. 28, Fig. 29, and Fig. 2930).
26、4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides inspection techniques that may be used to examine electrical protective rubber products forirregularities. The methods have applications in manufacturing locations, testing facilities, and in the field where the products areused.FIG. 8 Color SplashFIG.
27、9 CutsF1236 1554.2 This guide also contains photographs that supplement the descriptions of terms listed in Section 3 and in Definitions F819.FIG. 10 DepressionsFIG. 11 Foreign MatterFIG. 12 Hard SpotF1236 1565. Inspection Methods5.1 Rolling:5.1.1 Inspect glove and sleeve surface areas by gently rol
28、ling their entire outside and inside surface areas between the hands.This technique requires gently squeezing together the inside surfaces of the glove or sleeve to bend the outside surface area andcreate sufficient stress to inside surfaces of the glove or sleeve to highlight cracks, cuts, or other
29、 irregularities. When the entireoutside surface area has been inspected in this manner, turn the glove or sleeve inside-out and repeat the inspection on the insidesurface (now on the outside). If necessary, a more careful inspection of suspicious areas can be achieved by gently pinching androlling t
30、he rubber between the fingers. fingers (see Fig. 31). Never leave a glove or sleeve in an inside-out condition. Stretch thethumb and finger crotches by pulling apart adjacent thumb and fingers to look for irregularities in those areas (see Fig. 3032, Fig.33and, Fig. 3134 and Fig. 35).5.1.2 Place rub
31、ber blankets on a clean, flat surface and roll up tightly starting at one corner and rolling toward the diagonallyopposite corner. Inspect the entire surface for irregularities as it is rolled up. Unroll the blanket and roll it up again at right anglesto the original direction of rolling. Repeat the
32、 rolling operations on the reverse side of the blanket (see Fig. 3236).FIG. 13 Hard SpotFIG. 14 Hard SpotF1236 1575.1.3 Examine the inside surfaces of the insulating line hose by holding the hose at the far end from the lock and placing bothhands side-by-side palms down around the hose. With the slo
33、t at the top and the long free end of the hose on the left, slowly bendthe two ends of the hose downward while forcing the slot open with the thumbs. The hose should be open at the bend, exposingthe inside surface. Slide the left hand about a foot down the hose and then, with both hands firmly gripp
34、ing the hose, simultaneouslymove the left hand up and the right hand down to pass this section over the crown of the bend for inspection. Slide the right handup the hose to the left hand. Hold the hose firmly with the right hand while the left hand again slides another foot down the hose.Repeat the
35、inspection and, in this way, the entire length of hose passes through the hands from one end to the other. other (see Fig.37).5.2 Inflation:5.2.1 Punctures and other small holes in rubber insulating gloves can be found by inflating the gloves with air pressure. Glovescan be inflated manually by gras
36、ping the side edges of the glove opening (see Fig. 3338) and stretching gently, side-by-side, toFIG. 15 Hard SpotFIG. 16 Mold MarksF1236 158close and slightly seal the open end, (see Fig. 3439). Roll up the gauntlet end about 112 in. (38 mm) toward the palm by twirlingthe glove in a rotating motion
37、using the rolled edges of the glove opening as an axis. Grasp the rolled up end in one hand to containthe entrapped air in the palm and fingers (see Fig. 3540). Hold the inflated glove close to one ear and, with the free hand, squeezethe glove palm to increase the air pressure while listening and fe
38、eling for pinhole leaks (see Fig. 3641). Release the entrapped air.FIG. 17 Mold MarksFIG. 18 NickFIG. 19 SnagF1236 159FIG. 20 Ozone CracksCrackingFIG. 21 Ozone CracksFIG. 22 PittingF1236 1510FIG. 23 ProtuberanceFIG. 24 PunctureFIG. 25 Repair MarksF1236 15115.2.2 To entrap air in heavy weight gloves,
39、 it may be necessary to lay the glove on a flat surface, palm up, and press the openend closed with the fingers, (see Fig. 3742). While holding the end closed, tightly roll up about 112 in. (38 mm) of the gauntlet(see Fig. 3843 and Fig. 44). Grasp the rolled-up end and inspect for small holes in acc
40、ordance with 5.2.1 (see Fig. 3945 and Fig.46).FIG. 26 Tear Rubber GloveFIG. 27 TearFIG. 28 TrackingBurned Rubber SleeveF1236 15125.2.3 Mechanical glove or sleeve inflaters may also be used to inspect the surface areas of the products (see Fig. 4047 and Fig.48).5.2.4 Take care not to over inflate the
41、 gloves and sleeves as noted in Specification F496, since their physical characteristics maybe adversely affected by over inflating. Type 1 gloves and sleeves shall not be inflated or stretched to more than twice their normalsize. Type 2 gloves and sleeves shall not be inflated or stretched to more
42、than 1.25 times their normal size.5.3 LightingThe visual inspection of electrical protective rubber products requires good lighting and the products should bethoroughly cleaned before inspection. The light source should be at least 200 fc (2152.81x) with a reflector and should beadjustable for diffe
43、rent lighting conditions. Some irregularities can be more easily seen with the light shining down on the surfacebeing examined; other irregularities require a low angle of light to allow the defect to cast a shadow in order to be seen.FIG. 2829 TrackingInsufficient Immersion DepthFIG. 2930 TrackingC
44、ontaminated Dielectric FluidF1236 1513FIG. 31 Inspection Sleeve Pinch RollingFIG. 34 Inspection Between FingersFIG. 35 Inspection Between Fingers/Twirled GloveFIG. 37 Inspection Inside Line HoseF1236 1514FIG. 44 Rolling Trapping the AirFIG. 46 Inspection 14 in. Glove Length FIG. 48 Inflator 11 in. G
45、love LengthNOTE 1Glove inflated to maximum allowable degree.FIG. 4047 Inflator (Glove Inflated to Maximum Allowable Degree)F1236 1515FIG. 3032 Hand RollingFIG. 3133 Pinch RollingFIG. 3236 Blanket RollingFIG. 3338 GraspingFIG. 3439 StretchingFIG. 3540 TwirlingF1236 1516FIG. 3641 Listening and Feeling
46、FIG. 3742 PressingF1236 1517ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infr
47、ingement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standar
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