1、Designation: F1291 15Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using aHeated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body andthe environment. The
3、heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs andmaterials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by clothing,distribution of the fabric lay
4、ers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surfacearea for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors intoaccount. Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used todetermine the thermal comfort or stre
5、ss of people in cold to comfortable environments (see PracticeF2732, ASHRAE 55-1992, and ISO 7730). However, the moisture permeability of clothing is moreimportant in environmental conditions where heat balance can only be achieved by the evaporation ofsweat.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the d
6、etermination of the insu-lation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measure-ment of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heatedmanikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information onmeasuring the local thermal resistance values for individualgarments and ensembles is provided
7、in Annex A1.1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothingmeasurement on a standing manikin.1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are notaddressed in this test method.1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the par-ticular ensembles evaluated and for the specified e
8、nvironmen-tal conditions of each test, particularly with respect to airmovement.1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to beregarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units areshown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are notexact equivalents; therefore, each
9、system shall be used inde-pendently of the other.1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble canbe measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
10、this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1518 Test Method for Thermal Resistance of BattingSystems Using a Hot PlateE691 Practice for Conducting an
11、 Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating ManikinF2732 Practice for Determining the Temperature Ratings forCold Weather Protective Clothing2.2 ASHRAE Standards:3ASHRAE 55-1992 Thermal Envi
12、ronmental Conditions forHuman Occupancy1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyappro
13、ved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F1291 - 10. DOI:10.1520/F1291-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summa
14、ry page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
15、ted States12.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 7730 1994 Moderate Thermal EnvironmentsDetermination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specifi-cation of the Conditions for Thermal ComfortISO 9920 1995 Ergonomics of the Thermal EnvironmentEstimation of the Thermal Insulation and EvaporationResistance of a Clothing En
16、semble3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clo, nunit of thermal resistance defined as theinsulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at therate of 58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, airmovement 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of a heavybusiness suit. Numerically, o
17、ne clo is equal to 0.155 K m2/W.3.1.2 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.3 thermal insulation, nthe resistance to dry heat trans-fer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.3.1 Discussionthe following insulation values can bedetermined i
18、n this method using SI units:Ra= thermal resistance (insulation) of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikin.Rt= total thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothing andsurface air layer around the manikin.Rcl= intrinsic thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothing.When the measurements a
19、re expressed in clo units, thesymbol I is used instead of R.Ia= thermal resistance (insulation) of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikin.It= total thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothing andsurface air layer around the manikin.Icl= intrinsic thermal resistance (insulation) of the c
20、lothing.Total insulation values are measured directly with amanikin. They can be used to compare different clothingensembles as long as each test is conducted using the sameexperimental procedures and test conditions. Intrinsic cloth-ing insulation values are determined by subtracting the airlayer r
21、esistance around the clothed manikin from the totalinsulation value for the ensemble. Intrinsic clothing insula-tion values are used in several thermal comfort and clothingstandards (see 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe insulation
22、provided by different clothing systems. Forexample, variations in the design and fabric used in componentgarments can be evaluated. The effects of garment layering,closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. Theinsulation values for ensembles can be used in models thatpredict the physio
23、logical responses of people in differentenvironmental conditions. Garment insulation values can becompared as well (see Annex A1).4.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothingis complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniquesused. It is not practical in a test method of this scope
24、 toestablish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar-tures from the instructions in this test method have the potentialto lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowl-edge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature, andair motion measurement, and testing practi
25、ces is needed toevaluate which departures from the instructions given in thistest method are significant. Standardization of the methodreduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technicalknowledge. Report any departures with the results.4.3 Report the insulation values in SI units or clo uni
26、ts asstandard procedure. Conversion factors to other units are givenin Test Method D1518.5. Apparatus5.1 Manikin5A standing manikin shall be used that isformed in the shape and size of an adult male or female andheated to a constant, average skin temperature.5.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be
27、constructed tosimulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist ofa head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands (preferablywith fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs, andfeet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shallbe 170 6 10 cm. The manikins dimensio
28、ns shall correspond tothose required for standard sizes of garments because devia-tions in fit will affect the results.5.1.2 Surface TemperatureThe manikin shall be con-structed so as to maintain a constant temperature distributionover the nude body surface, with no local hot or cold spots. Themean
29、skin temperature of the manikin shall be 35C. Localdeviations from the mean skin temperature shall not exceed60.3C. Temperature uniformity of the nude manikin shall beevaluated at least once annually using an infrared thermalimaging system or equivalent method. This procedure shallalso be repeated a
30、fter repairs or alterations are completed thatcould affect temperature uniformity, for example, replacementof a heating element.5.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsPower to the manikinshall be measured so as to give an average over the period ofa test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used
31、 forpower control, then devices that are capable of averaging overthe control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-hourmeters) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt meters).Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipment must bewithin 62 % of the reading for the average power fo
32、r the testperiod. Since there are a variety of devices and techniques usedfor power measurement, no specified calibration proceduresshall be given. However, an appropriate power calibrationprocedure is to be developed and documented.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W.
33、 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Information on laboratories with thermal manikins can be obtained from theInstitute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506.F1291 1525.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins SkinTemperatureThe mean skin temp
34、erature shall be measuredwith point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.5.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors shall be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-lent sensors. They shall be no more than 2 mm thick and shallbe well bonded, both mechanically and ther
35、mally, to themanikins surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface orpass through the interior of the manikin, or both. Each sensortemperature shall be area-weighted when calculating the meanskin temperature for the body. A minimum of 15 point sensorsare required. At least one sensor shall be
36、placed on the head,chest, back, abdomen, buttocks, and both the right and leftupper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot. Thesesensors must be placed in the same position for each test, andthe placement of the sensors shall be given in the report.5.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensor
37、s are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are equallyweighted. If several such sensors are used to measure thetemperature of different parts of the body, then their respectivetemperatures shall be area-weighted when calculating t
38、he meanskin temperature. Distributed sensors must be small in diam-eter (that is, less than 1 mm) and firmly bonded to the manikinsurface at all points.5.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberThe manikin shallbe placed in a chamber at least 1.5 by 1.5 by 2.5 m indimension that can provide uniform condit
39、ions, both spatiallyand temporally.5.4.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition,the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air tempera
40、ture. The spatial uniformityshall be verified at least annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the chamber. Spatial uniformity shallbe verified by recording values for the conditions stated aboveat heights of 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 m above the floor at thelocation occupied by
41、 the manikin. Sensing devices specifiedbelow shall be used when measuring the environmental con-ditions.5.4.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radianttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity620 % of the mean value for da
42、ta averaged over 5 min. (see5.4.5).5.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAny hu-midity sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test t
43、o ensure that thetemporal uniformity requirements are met.5.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 min. Th
44、e sensor(s) shall be 0.5 m from the manikin. If asingle sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. Ifmultiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal heightintervals and their readings averaged.5.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall b
45、e used. Measurementsshall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it isdemonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring a test. The value of the mean air velocity must bereported, however. If air velocity is
46、 monitored, then measure-ment location requirements are the same as for temperature.6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units6.1 SamplingIt is desirable to test three identical en-sembles to reflect sample variability. However, if only oneensemble is available (that is often the case with prototyp
47、egarments), replicate measurements can be made on one en-semble.6.2 Specimen Size and FitSelect the size of garments thatwill fit the manikin appropriately (that is, the way the manu-facturer designed them to be worn on the human body duringtheir intended end use). For example, some knitted garments
48、are designed to fit the body relatively tightly. Others aredesigned to fit loosely to accommodate a wider range of bodydimensions or to allow other garments to be worn underneath.In a stationary manikin test, large air layers in the clothingsystem will contribute to a higher insulation value than sm
49、allair layers. Therefore, garments that do not have the appropriatefit on the manikin (that is, are too tight or too loose), will causeerrors in measurement.6.2.1 When manikin measurements are used to comparematerials used in certain garments, those garments must bemade from the same pattern so that design and fit variables areheld constant. In addition, they must be tested with the samecompanion garments in the ensemble (for example, underwear,footwear, etc.).6.2.2 When manikin measurements are used to compare avariety of garments, the same size gar
