1、Designation: F1291 16Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using aHeated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body andthe environment. The
3、heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs andmaterials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by the clothing,the distribution of the la
4、yers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface areafor heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors into account.Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used to determine thethermal comfort or str
5、ess of people in cold to comfortable environments (see Practice F2732,ASHRAE 55-2013, and ISO 7730:2005). However, the moisture permeability of clothing is moreimportant in environmental conditions where heat balance can only be achieved by the evaporation ofsweat.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers
6、 the determination of the insu-lation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measure-ment of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heatedmanikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information onmeasuring the local thermal resistance values for individualgarments and ensembles is pro
7、vided in Annex A1.1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothingmeasurement on a standing manikin.1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are notaddressed in this test method.1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the par-ticular ensembles evaluated and for the speci
8、fied environmen-tal conditions of each test, particularly with respect to airmovement.1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to beregarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units areshown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are notexact equivalents; therefore,
9、 each system shall be used inde-pendently of the other.1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble canbe measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
10、er of this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1518 Test Method for Thermal Resistance of BattingSystems Using a Hot PlateE691 Practice for Conduct
11、ing an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweating ManikinF2732 Practice for Determining the Temperature Ratings forCold Weather Protective Clothing2.2 ASHRAE Standards:3ASHRAE 55-2013 Therma
12、l Environmental Conditions forHuman Occupancy1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally
13、approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F1291 - 15. DOI:10.1520/F1291-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
14、Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
15、. United States12.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 7730:2005 Moderate Thermal EnvironmentsDetermination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specifi-cation of the Conditions for Thermal ComfortISO 9920:2007 Ergonomics of the Thermal EnvironmentEstimation of the Thermal Insulation and EvaporationResistance of a Clothi
16、ng Ensemble3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clo, nunit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to0.155 K m2/W.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe value of the clo was selected asroughly the insulation value of typical indoor clothing, whichshould keep a resting man (producing heat at the rate of 58W/m2) comfo
17、rtable in an environment at 21C, air movement0.1 m/s.3.1.2 clothing area factor (fcl), nthe ratio of the surfacearea of the clothed body to the surface area of the nude body.3.1.3 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.4 thermal insulation, nthe resista
18、nce to dry heat trans-fer via conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe following insulation values can bedetermined in this method using SI units:Ra= thermal resistance (insulation) of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikin.Rt= total thermal resistance (insulation) of the
19、 clothing andsurface air layer around the manikin.Rcl= intrinsic thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothing.When the measurements are expressed in clo units, thesymbol I is used instead of R.Ia= thermal resistance (insulation) of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikin.It= total thermal
20、 resistance (insulation) of the clothing andsurface air layer around the manikin.Icl= intrinsic thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothing.Total insulation values are measured directly with amanikin. Intrinsic clothing insulation values are determinedby subtracting the air layer resistance arou
21、nd the clothedmanikin from the total insulation value for the ensemble.Intrinsic clothing insulation values are used in severalthermal comfort and clothing standards (see 2.1, 2.2, and2.3).4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe insulation provided by diffe
22、rent clothing systems. Forexample, variations in the design and fabric used in componentgarments can be evaluated. The effects of garment layering,closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. Theinsulation values for ensembles can be used in models thatpredict the physiological responses
23、 of people in differentenvironmental conditions. Garment insulation values can becompared as well (see Annex A1).4.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothingis complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniquesused. It is not practical in a test method of this scope toestablish deta
24、ils sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar-tures from the instructions in this test method have the potentialto lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowl-edge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature, andair motion measurement, and testing practices is needed toe
25、valuate which departures from the instructions given in thistest method are significant. Standardization of the methodreduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technicalknowledge. Report any departures with the results.4.3 Report the insulation values in SI units or clo units asstandard pro
26、cedure. Conversion factors to other units are givenin Test Method D1518.5. Apparatus55.1 ManikinA standing manikin shall be used that isformed in the shape and size of an adult male or female andheated to a constant, average skin temperature.5.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be constructed tosim
27、ulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist ofa head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands (preferablywith fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs, andfeet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shallbe 170 6 10 cm. The manikins dimensions shall correspo
28、nd tothose required for standard sizes of garments because devia-tions in fit will affect the results.5.1.2 Surface TemperatureThe manikin shall be con-structed so as to maintain a uniform temperature distributionover the nude body surface, with no local hot or cold spots. Themean surface (skin) tem
29、perature of the manikin shall be 35C.Local deviations from the mean skin temperature shall notexceed 60.5C. Temperature uniformity of the nude manikinshall be evaluated at least once annually using an infraredthermal imaging system or equivalent method. This procedureshall also be repeated after rep
30、airs or alterations are completedthat could affect temperature uniformity, for example, replace-ment of a heating element.5.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsPower to the manikinshall be measured so as to give an average over the period ofa test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used forpo
31、wer control, then devices that are capable of averaging overthe control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-hourmeters) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt meters).Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipment must bewithin 62 % of the reading for the average power for the
32、testperiod. Since there are a variety of devices and techniques used4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Information on laboratories with thermal manikins can be obtained from theInstitute for Environmental Re
33、search, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506.F1291 162for power measurement, no specified calibration proceduresshall be given. However, an appropriate power calibrationprocedure is to be developed and documented.5.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins Surface (Skin)TemperatureThe mean surfa
34、ce temperature shall be mea-sured with point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.5.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors shall be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-lent sensors. They shall be no more than 2 mm thick and shallbe well bonded, both mechanically
35、 and thermally, to themanikins surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface orpass through the interior of the manikin, or both. Each sensortemperature shall be area-weighted when calculating the meanskin temperature for the body. If point sensors are used, aminimum of 15 point sensors are req
36、uired. At least one sensorshall be placed on the head, chest, back, abdomen, buttocks,and both the right and left upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh,calf, and foot. These sensors must be placed in the sameposition for each test, and the placement of the sensors shall begiven in the report.5.3.2 Distr
37、ibuted SensorsIf distributed sensors are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are equallyweighted. If several such sensors are used to measure thetemperature of different parts of the body, then their respectivetemperatures shall
38、be area-weighted when calculating the meansurface (skin) temperature. Distributed sensors must be lessthan 1 mm in diameter and firmly attached to the manikinsurface at all points.5.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberThe manikin shallbe placed in a chamber at least 1.5 by 1.5 by 2.5 m indimension tha
39、t can provide uniform conditions, both spatiallyand temporally.5.4.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition,the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdiffere
40、nt from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformityshall be verified at least annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the chamber. Spatial uniformity shallbe verified by recording values for the conditions stated aboveat heights of 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 m above the floo
41、r at thelocation occupied by the manikin. Sensing devices specifiedbelow shall be used when measuring the environmental con-ditions.5.4.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radianttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity62
42、0 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 min. (see5.4.5).5.4.3 Relative Humidity Measuring EquipmentAny hu-midity sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to
43、be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemporal uniformity requirements are met.5.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time const
44、ant not exceed-ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 m in front of the manikin.If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. Ifmultiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal heightintervals and their readings averaged.5.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-e
45、ter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurementsshall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it isdemonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring a test. The value of the mean air velocity must bere
46、ported, however. If air velocity is monitored, then measure-ment location requirements are the same as for temperature.6. Sampling and Test Specimens6.1 SamplingIt is desirable to test three identical en-sembles to reflect sample variability. However, if only oneensemble is available (that is often
47、the case with prototypegarments), replicate measurements shall be made on oneensemble.6.2 Specimen Size and FitSelect the size of garments thatwill fit the manikin appropriately (that is, the way the manu-facturer designed them to be worn on the human body duringtheir intended end use). For example,
48、 some knitted garmentsare designed to fit the body relatively tightly. Others aredesigned to fit loosely to accommodate a wider range of bodydimensions or to allow other garments to be worn underneath.In a stationary manikin test, large air layers in the clothingsystem will contribute to a higher in
49、sulation value than smallair layers. Therefore, garments that do not have the appropriatefit on the manikin (that is, are too tight or too loose), will causeerrors in measurement.6.2.1 When manikin measurements are used to comparematerials used in certain garments, those garments must bemade from the same pattern so that design and fit variables areheld constant. In addition, they must be tested with the samecompanion garments in the ensemble (for example, underwear,footwear, and so forth).6.2.2 When manikin measurements are used to compare avariet
