1、Designation: F1362 13Standard Test Method forShear Strength and Shear Modulus of Aerospace GlazingInterlayer Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1362; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shearstrength and shear modulus of interlayer materials that a
3、rerestrained by relatively high modulus plies in laminatedtransparencies. This test method can be used with single ormultiple plies of the same interlayer materials.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standa
4、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
5、M Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE229 Test Method for Shear Strength and Shear Modulus ofStructural Adhesives (Withdrawn 2003)3E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Te
6、st MethodF734 Test Method for Shear Strength of Fusion BondedPolycarbonate Aerospace Glazing Material3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 adherendrelatively higher modulus plies that re-strain interlayer materials.3.1.2 shear modulusthe ratio of the shear stress to thecorresponding shear strain for t
7、he initial straight-line portion ofthe curve.3.1.3 shear strengththe maximum shear stress existing inthe interlayer prior to failure. Represents the shear strength ofthe system either as a cohesive or adhesive failure mode.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Torsional shear forces are applied to the interl
8、ayerthrough a circular section that produces a peripherally uniformstress distribution. The maximum stress in the interlayer atfailure represents the apparent shear strength of the interlayer.By measuring the interlayer strain as a function of load, astress-strain curve can be established. The test
9、specimen shouldbe made from the same materials that are to be used inproduction, and production processes should be used whenapplicable. It is also possible to fabricate specimens from thefinished/formed transparency.5. Significance and Use5.1 The basic material properties obtained from this testmet
10、hod can be used in the control of the quality of interlayers,in the theoretical equations for designing laminatedtransparencies, and in the evaluation of new interlayers.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachinesMachines used for shear testing shallconform with the requirements of Practices E4. The loads used
11、in determining shear strength shall be within the loading rangeof the testing machine as defined in Practices E4.6.2 Torsional Shear ApparatusThe torsional shear jigshould apply a torsional shear load to the specimen withoutinducing bending, peeling, or transverse shear stresses in thetest section.
12、Loading can be accomplished with torsion-testequipment or by means of a jig that can be used in a universaltesting machine. A jig is shown in Fig. 1 (see Practice F734)and Figs. 2 and 3 show the adaptations required for the variousspecimens. Adequate precautions should be taken to ensure aminimum of
13、 frictional loss of torque (as by careful bearingdesign) or to provide a direct measurement of the appliedtorque (as by a load cell), or both, and to prevent the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 onAerospace and Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
14、 F07.08 onTransparent Enclosures and Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1362 09. DOI:10.1520/F1362-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cust
15、omer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1application of axial forces. Also, take care to take up the slackin the system prior to the start of each test.6.3 Measurement of Angular DisplacementSince the shearstrains of an interlayer will normally be very large, the angulardisplacement should be
17、 measured using an angular displace-ment transducer. This transducer can be either internal to thetorsion-test machine or attached to the jig.7. Test Specimens7.1 The specimen shall consist of laminated transparencymaterial machined in such a way as to produce an annular testring. The laminated tran
18、sparency material can be either flat orcurved, and typical of the materials used in production whereapplicable. Take adequate precautions to ensure test specimenuniformity.7.2 Determine the interlayer thickness within an accuracy of5 %. This can be determined by subtracting the thickness of thestruc
19、tural plies from the total thickness, except when all pliesare not loaded (see Fig. 3, Type II).7.3 Specimens are to be fabricated using one of the threespecimen geometries shown in Figs. 4-6. The test specimengeometry should be selected to maximize the accuracy of theresults within the guidelines.
20、Types 1 and 2 specimens aresmaller and can be used to test curved materials. The type 3specimens are to be used in the testing of flat material wherelarger specimen sizes are desirable.7.4 Other specimens not conforming to 7.3 can be sized inaccordance with the capability of the test machine in orde
21、r toensure failure of the specimen; this can be either a loadlimitation or displacement limitation. Generally, for flatmaterial, the larger the specimen size the greater the consis-tency and accuracy of the test results. Test specimens removedFIG. 1 Torsional Shear Test Fixture (See Fig. 1, Practice
22、 F734).FIG. 2 Adapters Required for Testing Type I and Type II Speci-mensFIG. 3 Adapter Required for Testing the Type III SpecimenF1362 132from a curved sheet should be sized to limit the effects ofcurvature. Guidelines are provided in Table 1.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition the test specimens at 23 6
23、2C (73.4 63.6F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 hprior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618unless otherwise specified.9. Procedure9.1 Measurement of SpecimensMeasure the loading fix-turing and specimens to ensure concentricity and conformanceto the dimensional
24、tolerances.NOTE 1Dimension a can be varied to test singular or multipleinterlayer material depending on requirements.FIG. 4 Torsional Shear Test Specimen, Type INOTE 1Annular interlayer test section required.NOTE 2Dimension a can be varied to test a specific interlayer or acombination of interlayers
25、 depending on requirements (specimen shownto test interlayers t1and t2).FIG. 5 Torsional Shear Test Specimen, Type IINOTE 1Dimensions a and b (depth of annular grooves) can be variedto test a specific interlayer or a combination of interlayers (specimenshown to test interlayers t1,t2and t3).NOTE 2Hi
26、dden lines for loading pin hole omitted in section for clarity.FIG. 6 Torsional Shear Test Specimen, Type IIITABLE 1 Specimen Choice GuidelinesSpecimenTypeGuidelinesMaximumA%Error onFlat MaterialType I (Fig. 2) Can be used on flat or curved materialwhere the radius of curvature isgreater than 12 in.
27、 (305 mm)16.9Type II (Fig. 3) Can be used on flat or curved materialwhere the radius of curvature isgreater than 24 in. (610 mm)11.3Type III (Fig. 4) Can be used on flat material and willyield the most accurate results5.6AThe following equation was used to estimate maximum error on shear strength.4
28、sb32a3db3 sb42a4dwhere:a = inside diameter, andb = outside diameter.F1362 1339.2 Load and DeflectionMake simultaneous measure-ments of load (torque) and deflection and record the data. Takecare to correct for jig deflections if any occur.9.3 Speed of TestingLoad the specimen so as to producefailure
29、in 2 to 5 min for static properties. This test method isvalid for high strain rate testing conducted using a constantdisplacement rate.9.4 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5%relative humidity unless otherwise specified.10. Calculat
30、ion (Test Method E229)10.1 Shear StrengthCalculate the shear strength (max)asfollows (see Table 1):max5 Tr/Ip(1)where:Ip= (ro4 r14)/2, polar moment of inertia, m4(in.4),T = applied torque at failure, Nm (lbfin.),r = radius to midpoint of interlayer ring as measured, m(in.),ro= radius to outside of i
31、nterlayer ring as measured, m(in.),r1= radius to inside of interlayer ring, m (in.), andmax= maximum shear stress or shear strength of theinterlayer, Pa (psi).10.2 Interlayer Circumferential DisplacementCalculatethe interlayer deformation (b) as follows:b5 2 r(2)where: = deformation of interlaminar
32、and adherend ring (orrings) as measured, m (in.),r= tr/Gr= deformation of interlaminar adherend ring, m(in.), = shear stress corresponding to deformation ()measurement, Pa (psi),tr= total thickness of interlaminar adherend ring or rings, m(in.), andGr= shear modulus of interlayer adherend ring, Pa (
33、psi).10.3 Shear Modulus (Note 1)Determine the shear modu-lus of the interlayer by means of fitting graphically a straightline through the initial portion of the previously obtainedtorque versus displacement curve. From this line read thedeviation increment corresponding to a given shear incrementand
34、 substitute in the following equation:Gb5 dTrtb/Ipdb! (3)where:Gb= shear modulus of the interlayer, Pa (psi),dT = increment of torque, (T1 T2),Nm(lbf in.),d(b) = increment of shear deformation corresponding tothe torque increment, (b)1(b)2, m (in.), andtb= total thickness of the tested interlayer, m
35、 (in.).NOTE 1For non-Hookian material, this is an apparent initial modulus.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Description of the test apparatus,11.1.2 Description of test specimen geometry,11.1.3 Description of the interlayer tested and adherendplies including material type, grad
36、e, manufacturer, previoushistory, and so forth,11.1.4 Number of specimens tested (five shall be consideredminimum),11.1.5 Displacement rate, test temperature, and relativehumidity if other than specified,11.1.6 Typical load-displacement curves with an indicationof the location at which the modulus w
37、as measured,11.1.7 Average value and standard deviation of shearstrength and shear modulus, and11.1.8 Description of failure mode (adhesive or cohesive) orpercentage of the combined failure.12. Precision and Bias12.1 An interlaboratory study (ILS) was planned, to deter-mine Precision and Bias of thi
38、s test method. The ILS was tofollow Practice E691, with seven laboratories participating.Unfortunately, the study was not completed. A full Precisionand Bias statement will be made when a future study iscompleted.12.2 ILS results from one laboratory, which has completeda portion of its testing, are
39、shown in Tables 2 and 3.12.3 The data shown in Table 2 do not provide rigorousrepeatability statistics (within-laboratory precision). They pro-vide an indication of the repeatability achieved by a singlelaboratory, and therefore provide a qualitative measure of therepeatability of the test method.12
40、.4 A similar qualitative determination of reproducibility(between laboratory precision) cannot be made using thesedata.13. Keywords13.1 interlayer; plies; shear modulus; shear strength; shearstress; torsional shearF1362 134ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent ri
41、ghts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at an
42、y time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments w
43、ill receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by A
44、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail);
45、or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 2 Test Results for 2-inch Torsional Shear SamplesPanel # Sample #Max ShearStress MPa (psi)Initial Shear ModulusMPa (psi)Final Shear Modulus
46、MPa (psi)Failure Type1 1 9.101 (1320) 0.5074 (73.59) 7.060 (1024) Adhesive1 2 6.546 (949.4) 0.5370 (77.88) 3.690 (535.1) Adhesive1 3 9.115 (1322) 0.4844 (70.26) 7.550 (1095) Adhesive1 4 7.743 (1123) 0.5844 (84.76) 7.033 (1020) Adhesive1 5 6.856 (994.4) 0.5395 (78.25) 3.000 (435.1) AdhesiveMean 7.874
47、 (1142) 0.5306 (76.95) 5.667 (821.8)Std. 1.211 (175.5) 0.0377 (5.468) 2.144 (310.9)3 1 10.25 (1486) 0.5782 (83.86) 7.881 (1143) Adhesive3 2 9.901 (1436) 0.5989 (86.82) 7.329 (1063) Adhesive3 3 9.432 (1368) 0.5732 (83.13) 7.950 (1153) Adhesive3 4 9.115 (1322) 0.5426 (78.70) 6.891 (999.4) Adhesive3 5
48、11.16 (1618) 0.5843 (84.74) 7.612 (1104) Adhesive3 6 9.956 (1444) 0.5837 (84.65) 6.923 (1004) AdhesiveMean 9.970 (1446) 0.5768 (83.65) 7.433 (1078)Std. 0.7081 (102.7) 0.01878 (2.722) 0.4616 (66.94)TABLE 3 Test Results for 1-inch Torsional Shear SamplesPanel # Sample #Max ShearStress MPa (psi)Initial
49、 Shear ModulusMPa (psi)Final Shear ModulusMPa (psi)Failure Type1 1 7.529 (1092) 0.4322 (62.69) 5.354 (776.5) Cohesive1 2 7.378 (1070) 0.4375 (63.45) 5.096 (739.1) Cohesive1 3 5.953 (863.4) 0.4298 (62.33) 2.844 (412.5) Cohesive1 4 7.757 (1125) 0.4136 (59.98) 5.461 (792.0) Cohesive1 5 7.626 (1106) 0.4447 (64.50) 5.150 (746.9) Cohesive1 6 6.618 (959.8) 0.4603 (66.76) 4.698 (681.3) AdhesiveMeanA7.247 (1051) 0.4316 (62.59) 4.781 (693.4)Std.A0.7371 (106.9) 0.0116 (1.678) 1.093 (158.5)3 1 8.177 (1186) 0.4139 (60.03) 6.159 (893.2) Co
