1、Designation: F 2191 02 (Reapproved 2008)An American National StandardStandard Specification forPacking Material, Graphitic or Carbon Braided Yarn1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2191; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers staple or continuous filamentcarbon/graphite yarn valve s
3、tem compression packing, suitablefor use as end-rings on packing systems for valves. Intendedservices include steam, hydrocarbons, water and non-oxidizingchemicals. Where this specification is invoked as ASTMF 2191, Sections 1-18 apply. Where this specification is in-voked as ASTM/DoD F 2191, Sectio
4、ns 1-18 and the Supple-mentary Requirements are applicable.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish a
5、ppro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 135 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of RefractoryMaterials by Water ImmersionC 561 Test Method for Ash in a Graphite SampleC 562 Test Met
6、hod for Moisture in a Graphite SampleC 816 Test Method for Sulfur in Graphite by Combustion-Iodometric Titration MethodC 889 Test Methods for Chemical and Mass SpectrometricAnalysis of Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3)PowderD 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Metho
7、d)D 512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In WaterD 1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in WaterD 1246 Test Method for Bromide Ion in WaterD 3178 Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in theAnalysis Sample of Coal and Coke3D 3684 Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal by theOxygen BombCombustion/Atomic Abs
8、orption MethodD 3761 Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal by theOxygen Bomb Combustion/Ion Selective ElectrodeMethodD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingD 4239 Test Methods for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample ofCoal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustion Methods2.2 Military Standa
9、rds:MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage4MIL-P-24583 Packing Material, Graphitic or CarbonBraided Yarn4MIL-P-24503 Packing Material, Graphitic, Corrugated Rib-bon or Textured Tape and Preformed Ring42.3 Fluid Sealing Association Handbook:Guidelines for the Use of Compression Packings, Copyri
10、ght199753. Terminology3.1 base fiber densitybulk density of the base fiber beforebeing coated or impregnated and braided into packing; ex-pressed as lb/ft3.3.2 braided flexible graphitea braid constructed of con-tinuous strands or strips of expanded flexible graphite tape orribbons which may have be
11、en overwrapped or have imbeddedreinforcing fibers.3.3 carbon fibersfibers used in braided packing are pro-duced from viscose rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)and are defined as a yarn with a carbon assay of less than 99 %.3.4 carbon yarnsmanufactured from continuous or staplecarbon fibers tha
12、t are twisted or plied into continuous indi-vidual strands of between 6 and 18 m in diameter.3.5 carbon/graphite fiberscarbon/graphite fibers used inbraided packing are produced from viscose rayon, pitch, orpolyacrylonitrile (PAN).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 o
13、n Shipsand Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.02 onInsulation/Processes.Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 2191 - 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM webs
14、ite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Ph
15、iladelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.5Available from the Fluid Sealing Association, 994 Old Eagle School Road,Suite 1019, Wayne, PA 19087-1866.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.6 center or corner fille
16、r strandsstrands of fiber/yarn thatrun parallel to the longitudinal axis of the braid in the cornersor center to control the internal density and dimensionalstability of the braid.3.7 continuousindividual fibers are almost infinite inlength.3.8 continuous or staple carbon/graphitecontinuous orstaple
17、 defines the length of the individual fibers in thecarbonaceous yarn. Continuous means the fibers are infinite inlength and staple means the individual fibers are at least 75 mm(3 in.) long and preferably 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in.) long.Allof the fibers are between 6 to 18 m in diameter and aretwist
18、ed/plied into continuous strands called yarns.3.9 corrosion inhibitorsadditives to the yarn or braid tofunction in a passive or sacrificial manner to reduce galvaniccorrosion such as embedded zinc powder, phosphorus, orbarium molybdate.3.10 detrimental materialsabrasive or chemically activeconstitue
19、nts such as abrasive ash particles (in high ash contentfoils) or elemental materials as in Table 2.3.11 diagonal interlocking braidthese strands criss-crossfrom the surface of the braid diagonally through the body of thebraid and each strand is strongly locked by other strands toform an integral str
20、ucture (see Fig. 1).3.12 dispersionvarious coatings or impregnants added tothe base fibers or braid to facilitate handling, lubricate thefibers, accelerate break-in, or act as blocking agents during use.3.13 graphite fibersfibers used in braided packing areproduced from viscose rayon, pitch, or poly
21、acrylonitrile (PAN)and are defined as a yarn with a carbon assay of 99 % or higher.3.14 graphite yarnsmanufactured from continuous orstaple graphite fibers that are twisted or plied into continuousindividual strands between 6 to 18 m in diameter.3.15 lotall finished packing of one size, type, class,
22、 andgrade produced in a continuous run or at the same time andunder essentially the same conditions.3.16 PANpolyacrylonitrile fibers used as precursors tomanufacture carbon/graphite for braided packing.3.17 PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene. (WarningGraphitic valve packing containing PTFE has been associa
23、tedwith accelerated valve stem corrosion.)3.18 specific gravitythe ratio of the mass of a unit volumeof a material at a stated temperature to the mass of the samevolume of distilled water at the same temperature.3.19 square plait braidthe strands in this type of braidinterlock in a single plane and
24、do not interlock through thebody of the braid (see Fig. 1).3.20 staple carbon/graphiteindividual fibers are at least75 mm (3 in.) long and preferably 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in.)long.3.21 unravelinga loss of the original braiding shape ordimensions of the cut end extending from the cut for a distanceg
25、reater than that specified along the axis of the packing.4. Classification4.1 ClassificationThe material shall be of the followingtypes, classes, and grades, as specified (see 5.1):4.1.1 Type IContinuous carbon or graphite yarn.4.1.2 Type IIStaple carbon or graphite yarn.4.1.3 Type IIIBraided flexib
26、le graphite.4.1.3.1 Class 1For use where detrimental material andlubricant content of the packing need not be controlled beyondnormal manufacturing limits.4.1.3.2 Class 2For use where detrimental materials con-tent must be controlled to limits specified herein.4.1.3.3 Class 3For use where detrimenta
27、l materials con-tent need not be controlled beyond normal manufacturinglimits, and media temperatures do not exceed 500F (260C).(1) Grade ATreated with corrosion inhibitor.(2) Grade BNo corrosion inhibitor.5. Ordering Information5.1 Acquisition RequirementsAcquisition documentsmust specify the follo
28、wing:5.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specification.5.1.2 Type, Class and Grade required (see Section 4).5.1.3 Carbon or graphite.5.1.4 Type of corrosion inhibitor.5.1.5 Chemical properties (see 7.1).5.1.6 Inspection, testing, and certification of the materialshall be agreed upon between the pu
29、rchaser and the supplier aspart of the purchase contract.5.1.7 Size required (see 9.1). When pre-cut rings are de-sired, specify the braid cross-section, inside diameter, outsidediameter, and number of rings required.5.1.8 Put-up, if other than required by Table S4.1 (seeSupplementary Requirements).
30、5.1.9 Application data.5.1.10 Packaging requirements (see Section 18 and Supple-mentary Requirements).5.1.11 Marking requirements (see 17.1 and SupplementaryRequirements).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials and ManufactureThe material shall be asspecified in 6.1.1-6.1.5.TABLE 1 Chemical and Ph
31、ysical PropertiesProperty Value TestCarbon AssayGraphitic 99 % by mass, min. 13.4Carbon 95 % by mass, min. 13.4Ash 1 % by mass, max. 13.5Finished Packing (in as-supplied state):Specific gravity 1.38 g/cc, min. 13.6Moisture content 3 %, max. 13.7Compression recovery 25 %, min. 13.10TABLE 2 Detrimenta
32、l Materials (Class 2 only (see 13.8)ElementMaximum Allowable TotalImpurity Levels inparts per million (ppm)Mercury (Hg) 10Sulfur (S) 750Total halogens (chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) 500Chlorine (Cl) 250Bromine (Br) 250Fluorine (F) 250F 2191 02 (2008)26.1.1 Yarn:6.1.1.1 Type I packing shall be mad
33、e of continuous filamentcarbon or graphite yarn.6.1.1.2 Type II shall be made of staple carbon or graphiteyarn.6.1.1.3 Type III shall be made of flexible graphite.6.1.2 Packing:6.1.2.1 Class 1 packing shall be made of Type I or Type IIyarn and shall have a pure graphitic dispersion or carbondispersi
34、on.6.1.2.2 Class 2 packing shall be made of Type I yarn andshall have a pure graphite or carbon dispersion.6.1.2.3 Class 3 packing shall be made of Type I or Type IIyarn and shall have a pure graphite, or carbon dispersion andmay be coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (see 7.2and 13.9).6.1.3
35、Coating and Corrosion Inhibiting Treatments:6.1.3.1 Grade AGradeApacking shall be provided with apowdered zinc (Zn) active corrosion inhibiting treatment or apassive inhibiting treatment such as phosphorus or bariummolybdate. If required, both active and passive inhibitors shallbe used.6.1.3.2 Grade
36、 BGrade B packing shall not contain corro-sion inhibiting additives.6.1.4 Packing Construction (Type I and Type II)Packingshall be square (plait) braided for cross-sectional sizes smallerthan6mm(14 in.). Cross-sectional sizes of 6 mm (14 in.) orgreater shall use a diagonal interlocking type construc
37、tion. Thediagonal interlocking constructions shall consist of eithersingle or plied yarns braided on 12, 18, 20, 24, 32, or 36 carrierbraiding machines.Additional axial center, corner, and (stuffer)warp yarn(s) can be added within the braid as necessary toproduce a dense square cross-section packing
38、 profile with gooddimensional stability.6.1.5 Mercury ExclusionDuring manufacturing, fabrica-tion, handling, packaging, and packing, the packing materialshall not come in contact with mercury or mercury containingcompounds.7. Properties7.1 Chemical and Physical PropertiesUnless otherwisespecified, t
39、he properties of the finished packing shall conformto the requirements of Table 1. Class 2 also requires compli-ance with Table 2.FIG. 1 Packing ConstructionF 2191 02 (2008)37.2 PTFE Coating (Class 3 only)If PTFE is used, it shallnot exceed 10 % by mass of the packing (see 13.9) unlessotherwise agre
40、ed to by the purchaser. (WarningGraphiticvalve packing containing PTFE has been associated withaccelerated valve stem corrosion.)7.3 Prohibited AdditionsThere shall be no intentionaladditions of any of the detrimental materials listed in Table 2 orany antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), cadmi
41、um (Cd),gallium (Ga), indium (In), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag),or tin (Sn), or, in the case of Grade B packing, zinc (Zn).8. Other Requirements8.1 Braid Geometry RetentionUntaped, cut ends shall notunravel more than 3 mm (18 in.) with the packing dry or wet(see 13.11). For example, packing
42、12 mm (12-in.) in crosssection shall not unravel more than 3 mm (18 in.) at either endof the packing.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1 Sizes and MassPacking shall be furnished in the sizesshown in Table 3, or other size(s) as is ordered by the customer,(see Section 5 and 6.1.4). Pac
43、king shall be formed approxi-mately square or rectangular in cross-section (either whenstraight or when placed about a shaft) within the dimensionaltolerances of Table 3. When specified in the purchase docu-ment (see 5.1 and 13.2), the mass per linear foot (or othermeasure) shall be in accordance wi
44、th the sizes listed in Table 4.Sizes not listed in Table 4 shall be as agreed between purchaserand manufacturer and specified in Section 5, Ordering Infor-mation. Minimum mass per linear foot should be included as apart of the bid and purchase documents.9.1.1 Tolerance and Measurement StandardsThe g
45、ener-ally accepted method of measurements in the packing manu-facturing environment is a hand held, direct reading, verniercaliper. To ensure concentricity, the inside diameter is mea-sured using a ground dimensional plug gauge and the outsidediameter is measured by the above (caliper) while the plu
46、g isinserted. Information regarding tolerance and measurement isavailable in the Guidelines for the Use of CompressionPackings published by the FSA.10. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance10.1 WorkmanshipThe packing shall be free of defectsthat have the potential to affect its serviceability as define
47、d inTable 5.10.2 ConstructionThe sample shall be visually examinedand confirmed to be of the correct braid construction (squareplait braid or diagonal interlocking braid) for the ordered size(see 5.1 and 6.1.4).11. Quality Assurance11.1 Quality SystemsManufacturers shall be prepared todocument use o
48、f a quality system such as compliance with anISO 9000 series program or similar program.12. Specimen Preparation12.1 Specimen PreparationBuyer and seller shall agreeon specimen preparation.13. Test Methods13.1 TestsIn the event that tests are required as part of thepurchasing requirements 5.1, tests
49、 shall be made in accordancewith the following tests or by way of alternate methods ofanalysis with equal to or improved accuracy and precision. Theuse of an alternate analytical method requires the prior writtenconsent of the purchasing party before acceptance will beallowed.13.2 SizeBefore unbraiding, the size shall be determinedby measuring each sample selected for visual examination (seeTable 3). A steel rule with 1 mm (132 in.) divisions accurate to1mm(132 in.) or a steel slide caliper with 1 mm (132 in.) and0.5 m
