1、Designation: F 2300 05Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Performance of Personal Cooling SystemsUsing Physiological Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIndividuals in various occupations are exposed to high heat stress resulting from increasedmetabolism
3、, or the environment, or both. Environmental heat stress can be especially severe whenindividuals are required to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which impairs or preventsevaporation of sweat from the skin, and thus nullifies the bodys principal means of removingmetabolic heat. Failure to
4、dissipate this heat can dramatically limit work capacity and heat tolerance,thereby increasing the risk of heat-related illness. To reduce this risk, workers are wearing PersonalCooling Systems (PCS) to extend their exposure time to thermal stress. These systems are intendedto limit the effects of e
5、xternal environmental heat and the internally generated metabolic heat on thebody. For this purpose, standards that objectively quantify the effectiveness of PCS are essential.Therefore, tests that measure important physiological variables, such as core temperature, are essentialin evaluating PCS ap
6、plications and increasing workers health and safety.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the physiological measurementof internal body core temperature, skin temperature, thermalexposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, andwhole body sweat rate, to assess the effectiveness of PersonalCo
7、oling Systems in reducing the effects of thermal stress.1.1.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, thisdynamic test requires the use of human participants whoexhibit specific health and physical fitness requirements.1.2 This test incorporates the use of protective clothingensembles (oute
8、r garments) used in conjunction with or wornover top of the PCS. This scope is therefore oriented toindustrial rather than athletic applications.1.2.1 The effectiveness of different PCS will be quantifiedwith the same protective clothing ensemble. Therefore, thephysiological values obtained apply on
9、ly to the cooling sys-tems, the particular protective outer garment, and the specifictest conditions.1.2.2 When a protective outer garment is not provided, thistest method requires that PCS shall be tested with the standardouter garment defined within this test method.1.2.3 The present standard does
10、 not attempt to determineimportant clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulationand evaporative resistance, of the PCS or of the garments wornwith the PCS. Test Method F 1291 can be referenced forclothing measurements.1.3 The values stated in this test method shall be SI units.1.4 It is the r
11、esponsibility of the test laboratory to obtain thenecessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-tution for conducting tests using human participants.1.5 This test method does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
12、 the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulationof Clothing Using a Heated ManikinF 1494 Terminolo
13、gy Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 Other Standards:ISO 8996 ErgonomicsDetermination of Metabolic HeatProduction3ISO 9886 ErgonomicsEvaluation of Thermal Strain byPhysiological Measurements31This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 onProtective Clothing and is the direct re
14、sponsibility of Subcommittee F23.60 onHuman Factors.Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 2300 - 04a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
15、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、 PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the Interna-tional Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS ThermalCommission) Glossary of Terms for Thermal Physiology3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acclimation, nphysiological adaptations occur
17、ringwithin an organism, which reduces the strain or enhancesendurance of strain, caused by artificially or experimentallyinduced stressful changes in particular environmental condi-tions.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAcclimation describes the adaptivechanges that occur within an organism in response to artifi-c
18、ially induced changes in particular climatic factors such asambient temperature and humidity in a controlled environment.3.1.2 acclimatization, nphysiological adaptations occur-ring within an organism, which reduces the strain or enhancesendurance of strain, caused by stressful changes in the natura
19、lenvironment.3.1.3 clo, nunit of thermal resistance defined as theinsulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at therate of 58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, airvelocity 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typicalindoor clothing.3.1.3.1 DiscussionNumerically the cl
20、o is equal to 0.155Km2/W, which is equal to 0.18Cm2h/kcal.3.1.4 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.5 thermal core, nthe deep tissues of the brain, neckand torso whose temperatures are not changed in their rela-tionship to each other by circulatory a
21、djustments3.1.5.1 DiscussionThese deep tissues comprise the mostthermally protected tissues of the body and are most critical totemperature regulation. The thermal core is distinct fromchanges in heat transfer to the environment that affects theappendages and other tissues of the body.3.1.6 core tem
22、perature, nthe mean temperature of thethermal core.3.1.6.1 DiscussionCore temperature is commonly repre-sented by rectal temperature, or by the more rapidly respondingesophageal temperature. Core temperature is also measured byingested telemetric thermometers in the form of a capsule.3.1.7 garment,
23、na single item of clothing (for example,shirt).3.1.8 maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), nthe high-est rate at which an organism can take up oxygen duringaerobic metabolism.3.1.8.1 DiscussionDetermination of VO2maxrequires veryhigh motivation of the individual and is expressed in mL permin or as a
24、term relative to body mass in mL per kg per min.Maximum oxygen consumption is often referred to as maximalaerobic power (MAP).3.1.9 metabolic rate, nthe rate of transformation ofchemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic andanaerobic activities within an organism.3.1.9.1 DiscussionMeta
25、bolic rate, as with VO2max,iscommonly measured by indirect calorimetry, during long-termsteady-state work. Metabolic rate, also referred to as energyexpenditure, is usually expressed in terms of unit area of thetotal body surface (W/m2) or of total body mass (W/kg).3.1.10 thermal insulation, nthe re
26、sistance to dry heattransfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.11 thermal strain, nany deviation of body temperatureinduced by sustained thermal stress that cannot be fullycompensated by temperature regulation.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThermal strain results in the activa-tion of thermoef
27、fector activities that causes sustained changesin the state of non-thermal regulatory systems. Thermal strainis measurable by an increased heart rate and whole body sweatrate, as determined by pre and post nude mass loss.3.1.12 thermal stress, nany thermal change between atemperature regulator and i
28、ts environment, which if uncom-pensated by temperature regulation, would result in hyperther-mia.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThermal stress is often referred to asheat stress.3.2 IUPS Thermal Commission document4was referencedfor the modified definitions related to thermal physiology listedabove, and for ter
29、ms related to protective clothing used in thistest method, refer to Terminology F 1494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe cooling provided by different Personal Cooling Systems(PCS) worn with a standard outer garment or with a specifiedprotective outer
30、 garment.4.1.1 This test method will assess the performance of PCSbased on the physiological measurement of core temperature,mean skin temperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygenconsumption, and whole body sweat rate.4.2 Evaluating the effectiveness of PCS is an extremelycomplicated endeavor that
31、 involves many factors related tothermal exchange between the PCS, the environment, and theparticipant. It would not be practical in a test method of thisscope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies.Therefore, a valid physiological method of measuring coretemperature, along with
32、other variables of thermal strain,provides an acceptable means of classifying the performance ofPCS. This test method will also measure the amount of time thePCS maintains core temperature within safe limits during aspecified condition of thermal stress.4.3 Departures from the instructions in this t
33、est method maylead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledgeconcerning thermoregulatory responses, the theory of heattransfer, physiological and environmental temperature mea-surement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate whichdepartures from the instructions given in this
34、test method aresignificant. All departures must be reported with the results.5. Materials5.1 Controlled Environmental ChamberTesting will takeplace within a chamber that is large enough to accommodate atreadmill, the test participant, and at least two people at the4The Japanese Journal of Physiology
35、, Vol 51, No. 2, 2001.F2300052same time. Also, the chamber must provide uniform condi-tions, both spatially and temporally.5.1.1 Spatial VariationsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In additionthe
36、mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformityshall be verified at least annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the chamber. Spatial uniformity shallbe verified by recording values for the conditions stated abov
37、eat heights of 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8 m above the floor at thelocation occupied by the participant.5.1.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radianttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity620 % of the mean value for data av
38、eraged over 5 min.5.1.3 Relative Humidity MeasurementAny humidity-sensing device must have an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemp
39、oral uniformity requirements are met.5.1.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be
40、0.5 to 1.0 m in front of thesubject. If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above thefloor. If multiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equalheight intervals and their readings averaged.5.1.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used.
41、 Measurementsshall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it isdemonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring the test. The value of the mean air velocity must bereported, however. If air velocity is moni
42、tored, then measure-ment location requirements are the same as for air temperature.5.2 TreadmillAn adequately sized treadmill shall be usedwith a physical structure that must be able to accommodate thesmallest and the largest participant safely and comfortably.5.2.1 Treadmill CharacteristicsThe trea
43、dmill running sur-face shall be not less than 1.8 m by 0.6 m. The treadmill musthave a calibrated analog scale or digital indicator of speed andangle of inclination (degrees or % grade). Elevation shall bevariable over a range of at least 0 to 25 % grade. The speedshall be variable from 2 to 20 km/h
44、 in increments of 0.2 km/h.Calibrate treadmills for speed and grade. The control mecha-nism must provide for error of less than 1.0 % of the testingload both during the test and between tests (that is, 0.15 %grade at 15 % treadmill grade).5.3 Equipment for Measuring Body TemperatureThe coreand skin
45、temperatures shall be measured with temperaturetransducers (that is, point sensors) that must be calibrated priorto testing.5.3.1 Temperature TransducersThe temperature measure-ments may be carried out with liquid thermometers, thermo-couples, resistance temperature devices (RTD), or thermistors.The
46、 transducers shall provide an accuracy of 60.1C betweenthe range of 30 to 42C for core temperature and 25 to 40C forskin temperature. The transducers shall be of low thermalcapacity. Their response time to 90 % of the value must be thelowest possible and less than 30 s. Skin temperature measure-ment
47、s can be taken at 4, 8, or 14 different locations. Refer toISO 9886 for the location of the various measurement sites,and the weighting coefficients to determine overall skin tem-perature.5.3.2 Core Temperature Transducer CleaningSpecial re-quirements are to be made concerning the hygiene of the cor
48、etemperature transducer. Laboratories must follow specific bio-hazard control procedures as stipulated by their institution.Generally, this includes thoroughly cleaning and removing allorganic matter prior to disinfection with an agent such ashydrogen peroxide, isopropanol, or ethanol. Following cle
49、an-ing, the transducer must be rinsed thoroughly with water toremove all traces of the disinfectant which might provokeirritation or allergy in the next user. Refer to ISO 9886 for moreinformation.5.3.2.1 Disposable TransducersDisposable transducersare also recommended for core temperature measurements.These transducers can be cleaned and disinfected betweentrials for the same participant and then discarded once theparticipant has completed all test conditions, thus eliminatingthe risk of contamination from inter-participant use.5.4 Measu
