1、Designation: F2300 10 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Performance of Personal Cooling SystemsUsing Physiological Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIndividuals in various occupations are exposed to high heat stress resulting from incr
3、easedmetabolism, or the environment, or both. Environmental heat stress can be especially severe whenindividuals are required to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which impairs or preventsevaporation of sweat from the skin, and thus nullifies the bodys principal means of removingmetabolic he
4、at. Failure to dissipate this heat can dramatically limit work capacity and heat tolerance,thereby increasing the risk of heat-related illness. To reduce this risk, workers are wearing PersonalCooling Systems (PCS) to extend their exposure time to thermal stress. These systems are intendedto limit t
5、he effects of external environmental heat and the internally generated metabolic heat on thebody. For this purpose, standards that objectively quantify the effectiveness of PCS are essential.Therefore, tests that measure important physiological variables, such as core temperature, are essentialin ev
6、aluating PCS applications and increasing workers health and safety.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the physiological measurementof internal body core temperature, skin temperature, thermalexposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, andwhole body sweat rate, to assess the effectivenes
7、s of PersonalCooling Systems (PCS) in reducing the effects of thermalstress.1.1.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, thisdynamic test requires the use of human participants whoexhibit specific health and physical fitness requirements.1.2 This test incorporates the use of protective clo
8、thingensembles (outer garments) used in conjunction with or wornover top of the PCS. This scope is therefore oriented toindustrial rather than athletic applications.1.2.1 The effectiveness of different PCS will be quantifiedwith the same protective clothing ensemble. Therefore, thephysiological valu
9、es obtained apply only to the coolingsystems, the particular protective outer garment, and thespecific test conditions.1.2.2 When a protective outer garment is not provided, thistest method requires that PCS shall be tested with the standardouter garment defined within this test method.1.2.3 The pre
10、sent standard does not attempt to determineimportant clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulationand evaporative resistance, of the PCS or of the garments wornwith the PCS. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 can be refer-enced for these clothing measurements.1.3 The values stated in SI units are t
11、o be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain thenecessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-tution for conducting tests using human participants.1.5 This test method does not purpo
12、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291
13、 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation ofClothing Using a Heated ManikinF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on
14、Human Factors.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2300 - 10. DOI: 10.1520/F2300-10R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
15、g. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clo
16、thing Using a Sweating Manikin2.2 Other Standards:ISO 8996 ErgonomicsDetermination of Metabolic HeatProduction3ISO 9886 ErgonomicsEvaluation of Thermal Strain byPhysiological Measurements3The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the Interna-tional Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS ThermalCommiss
17、ion) Glossary of Terms for Thermal Physiology4U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Cleared Steri-lants and High Level Disinfectants with General Claimsfor Processing Reusable Medical and Dental Devices(March 2009)53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acclimation, nphysiological adaptations occurrin
18、gwithin an organism, which reduces the strain or enhancesendurance of strain, caused by artificially or experimentallyinduced stressful changes in particular environmental condi-tions.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAcclimation describes the adaptivechanges that occur within an organism in response to artifi-cial
19、ly induced changes in particular climatic factors such asambient temperature and humidity in a controlled environment.3.1.2 acclimatization, nphysiological adaptations occur-ring within an organism, which reduces the strain or enhancesendurance of strain, caused by stressful changes in the naturalen
20、vironment.3.1.3 clo, nunit of thermal resistance defined as theinsulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at therate of 58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, airvelocity 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typicalindoor clothing.3.1.3.1 DiscussionNumerically the clo i
21、s equal to 0.155Km2/W, which is equal to 0.18Cm2h/kcal.3.1.4 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.5 thermal core, nthe deep tissues of the brain, neckand torso whose temperatures are not changed in their rela-tionship to each other by circulatory adju
22、stments.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThese deep tissues comprise the mostthermally protected tissues of the body and are most critical totemperature regulation. The thermal core is distinct fromchanges in heat transfer to the environment that affects theappendages and other tissues of the body.3.1.6 core tempe
23、rature, nthe mean temperature of thethermal core.3.1.6.1 DiscussionCore temperature is commonly repre-sented by rectal temperature, or by the more rapidly respondingesophageal temperature. Core temperature is also measured byingested telemetric thermometers in the form of a capsule.3.1.7 garment, na
24、 single item of clothing (for example,shirt).3.1.8 maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), nthe high-est rate at which an organism can take up oxygen duringaerobic metabolism.3.1.8.1 DiscussionDetermination of VO2maxrequires veryhigh motivation of the individual and is expressed in mL permin or as a te
25、rm relative to body mass in mL per kg per min.Maximum oxygen consumption is often referred to as maximalaerobic power (MAP).3.1.9 metabolic rate, nthe rate of transformation ofchemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic andanaerobic activities within an organism.3.1.9.1 DiscussionMetabo
26、lic rate, as with VO2max,iscommonly measured by indirect calorimetry, during long-termsteady-state work, and is typically expressed in Watts (W).Metabolic rate, also referred to as energy expenditure, isusually expressed in terms of unit area of the total body surface(W/m2) or of total body mass (W/
27、kg) when comparisons aremade between individuals.3.1.10 thermal insulation, nthe resistance to dry heattransfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.11 thermal strain, nany deviation of body temperatureinduced by sustained thermal stress that cannot be fullycompensated by temperature
28、regulation.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThermal strain results in the activationof thermoeffector activities that causes sustained changes in thestate of non-thermal regulatory systems. Thermal strain ismeasurable by an increased heart rate and whole body sweatrate, as determined by pre and post nude mass los
29、s.3.1.12 thermal stress, nany thermal change between atemperature regulator and its environment, which if uncom-pensated by temperature regulation, would result in hyperther-mia.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThermal stress is often referred to asheat stress.3.2 IUPS Thermal Commission document6was referencedfo
30、r the modified definitions related to thermal physiology listedabove, and for terms related to protective clothing used in thistest method, refer to Terminology F1494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe cooling provided by different Personal Cooling Sys
31、tems(PCS) worn with a standard outer garment or with a specifiedprotective outer garment.4.1.1 This test method will assess the performance of PCSbased on the physiological measurement of core temperature,mean skin temperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygenconsumption, and whole body sweat rate.
32、3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Physiology however, rates of 15, 30 or 60 s are also adequate. Thiswill depend on the data acquisition system and the physiologi-cal variable being sampled.
33、It is important that sampling ratesfrom different physiological variables (for example, heart rateand core temperature) are all the same or at least divisible toallow for easy interpretation. Also, the data acquisition systemmust be capable of storing a sufficient amount of data (forexample, approxi
34、mately 2.5 h).5.7 Participant Clothing EnsemblesTo standardize thetesting, subjects will be required to wear a standard undergarment during all tests and a standard outer garment when noother protective outer garments are provided for testing.5.7.1 Under GarmentsParticipant under garments will bewor
35、n underneath the PCS during all test conditions. Theclothing ensemble will include a T-Shirt, shorts, sport socks,underwear, and athletic shoes. If female participants are used,an athletic bra may be worn.5.7.1.1 Shirt65 % polyester, 35 % cotton T-shirt.5.7.1.2 Shorts65 % polyester, 35 % cotton shor
36、ts.5.7.1.3 Sport Socks80 % cotton, 20 % nylon; covers onlyarea distal to the malleolii; jersey and rib knit.5.7.1.4 Underwear100 % cotton underwear; jockey orboxer style.5.7.1.5 Athletic ShoesUnless protective outer garmentsinclude specific or required footwear, athletic shoes with a softrubber sole
37、 must be worn during testing. Other footwear (forexample, hard sole shoes) can become problematic, not onlybecause of possible foot soreness, but they can cause a changein gait due to discomfort and can affect mechanical efficiency,and therefore heat production at a fixed workload.5.7.2 Outer Garmen
38、tsThis test method is applicable totesting the performance of PCS when worn underneath protec-tive outer garments (for example, HAZMAT protective en-semble). If a particular outer garment is not provided, then astandard outer garment as described below must be used duringtesting.5.7.2.1 Standard Out
39、er GarmentA two-piece coverall,including trousers, 65 % polyester and 35 % cotton durablepress and 2 by 1 twill weave with two front and hip pockets,and a long sleeve jacket, 65 % polyester and 35 % cotton singlelayer plain or twill weave will be used. If unavailable, then anouter garment of similar
40、 fabrics with a combined intrinsicthermal resistance representing 1 clo (0.155Km2/W) shouldbe used.5.7.3 No outer garment is necessary if the PCS evaluated donot require the use of such protective ensembles. Thiscircumstance, however, will increase the heat exchange be-tween the environment and the
41、PCS and will likely decreasethe available heat exchange between the PCS and the humanbody.5.7.4 PCS and protective outer garments shall be cleaned inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions, and report thespecific care method and number of times repeated.6. Sampling, Participants, and Familiar
42、ization Period6.1 SamplingA minimum of five different participantsshall be tested for evaluating the performance of each PCS.6.2 Test ParticipantsIndividuals who participate in thistest method will do so strictly on a volunteer basis. Toundertake this testing, all test laboratories must adhere to an
43、dobtain the proper approval for human testing that their respec-tive institution requires. As part of the approval process,participants will be informed of all the details of this testmethod and the associated risks and discomforts before pro-viding their informed written consent. As well, completea
44、nonymity and confidentiality will be given to each participant.6.2.1 Medical EvaluationScreen participants for medicalproblems. This would involve answering a questionnaire as-sessing their past and current personal health (for example,Canadian Par-Q). Participants may be required to undergo amedica
45、l examination depending upon each respective institu-tional review committees rules and regulations for physiologi-cal thermoregulation research.6.2.2 Participant Fitness LevelA strong aerobic level offitness is required for individuals to participate in this testmethod. Screen out participants who
46、do not partake in regularaerobic activities at least12 h three to five times a week. Anevaluation determining the participants maximum oxygenconsumption (VO2max), or maximal aerobic power, will beused as an objective measure to screen for successful partici-pants and allow some comparison of finding
47、s between researchresults.6.2.2.1 Maximum Oxygen ConsumptionOnly individualswith a VO2maxbetween the range of 35 and 65 mL/kg/min willbe used as participants in this test method. Refer to ISO 8996for the proper method for measuring oxygen consumption.Otherwise, physiological testing laboratories sha
48、ll follow theirown specific procedures for testing VO2max. The only require-ments are that the test is continuous, the exercise is walking,and it is performed using a treadmill. Continuous tests gener-ally start at relatively low intensities and progress by increasingthe work rate (treadmill velocit
49、y, or % grade, or both) at presettime intervals until the participant is unable to continue. Thisform of test causes the participant to progressively increasepower output over time. If it is continued long enough to allowthe body to adapt and is short enough so that factors such aslactate accumulation, thermal load, or muscular soreness do notforce termination of the exercise, the participant will eventu-ally achieve their aerobic energy maximum.6.2.3 Participant GenderParticipants being tested musteither be all male or all female in ge
