1、Designation: G 115 04Standard Guide forMeasuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 115; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information to assist in the selectionof a method for measuring the frictional properties of materi-als. Requirements for mini
3、mum data and a format for present-ing these data are suggested. The use of the suggested reportingform will increase the long-term usefulness of the test resultswithin a given laboratory and will facilitate the exchange oftest results between laboratories. It is hoped that the use of auniform report
4、ing format will provide the basis for the prepa-ration of handbooks and computerized databases.1.2 This guide applies to most solid materials and to mostfriction measuring techniques and test equipment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with i
5、ts use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B 460 Test Method for Dynamic Coefficient of Friction andWear of Sinte
6、red Metal Friction Materials Under DryConditions3B 461 Test Method for Frictional Characteristics of SinteredMetal Friction Materials Run in Lubricants3B 526 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction and Wear ofSintered Metal Friction Materials Under Dry-Clutch Con-ditions3C 808 Guideline for Reportin
7、g Friction and Wear TestResults of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Bearing andSeal MaterialsD 1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD 2047 Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction ofPolish-Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by the JamesMach
8、ineD 2394 Methods for Simulated Service Testing of Woodand Wood-Base Finish FlooringD 2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of theFalex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing MachineD 3028 Test Method for Kinetic Coefficient of Friction ofPlastic Solids3D 3108 Test Method for Coefficient o
9、f Friction, Yarn toSolid MaterialD 3247 Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction ofCorrugated and Solid Fiberboard (Horizontal PlaneMethod)3D 3248 Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction ofCorrugated and Solid Fiberboard (Inclined Plane Method)3D 3334 Methods of Testing Fabrics Woven fr
10、om PolyolefinMonofilaments3D 3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn-to-YarnD 4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces forCoefficient of Friction TestingE 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate, Witha Specified Tolerable Error, the Average of a Lot or ProcessE 303 T
11、est Method for Measuring Surface Frictional Prop-erties Using the British Pendulum TesterE 510 Practice for Determining Pavement Surface Fric-tional and Polishing Characteristics Using a Small TorqueDeviceE 670 Test Method for Side Force Friction on Paved Sur-faces Using the Mu-MeterE 707 Test Metho
12、d for Skid Resistance Measurements Us-ing the North Carolina State University Variable-SpeedFriction TesterF 489 Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of ShoeSole and Heel Materials as Measured by the JamesMachineF 609 Test Method for Static Slip Resistance of Footwear,Sole, Heel, or Relate
13、d Materials by Horizontal Pull Slip-meter (HPS)F 695 Practice for Evaluation of Test Data Obtained byUsing the Horizontal Pull Slipmeter (HPS) or the James1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear andErosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Frictio
14、n.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition was approved in 2004 as G 115 - 98(2004)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMS
15、tandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Machine for Measurement of Static Slip Resistance ofFootwear, Sole, Heel, or Rela
16、ted MaterialsF 732 Practice for Reciprocating Pin-on-Flat Evaluation ofFriction and Wear Properties of Polymeric Materials forUse in Total Joint ProsthesisG 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and ErosionG 65 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the DrySand/Rubber Wheel ApparatusG 99 Test Method for
17、 Wear Testing with a Pin-on-DiskApparatusG 133 Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-FlatSliding WearG 143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Fric-tion Characteristics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 coeffcient of friction, or f, nin tribologythedimensionless ratio of the friction
18、 force (F) between two bodiesto the normal force (N) pressing these bodies together. (Seealso static coeffcient of friction and kinetic coeffcient offriction.) G403.1.2 friction force, nthe resisting force tangential to theinterface between two bodies when, under the action ofexternal force, one bod
19、y moves or tends to move relative to theother. (See also coeffcient of friction.) G403.1.3 kinetic coeffcient of friction, nthe coefficient offriction under conditions of macroscopic relative motion be-tween two bodies. G403.1.4 static coeffcient of friction, nthe coefficient offriction correspondin
20、g to the maximum friction force that mustbe overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between twobodies. G403.1.5 stick-slipa relaxation oscillation usually associatedwith decrease in coefficient of friction as the relative velocityincreases. (The usual manifestation is a cycling (decrease andsubseque
21、nt increase) in the friction force as sliding proceeds(Fig. 1).)3.1.6 triboelement, none of two or more solid bodies thatcomprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a bodysubjected to impingement or cavitation. (Each triboelementcontains one or more tribosurfaces.) G403.1.7 tribosystem, nan
22、y system that contains one or moretriboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior. (See alsotriboelement.) G404. Summary of Guide4.1 Current ASTM friction test standards are tabulated inthis document so that users can review available t
23、est methodsand determine which method may be most applicable for aparticular application. Any of the listed tests or other acceptedtests may be used. General friction testing precautions are citedand a prescribed method of recording friction data is recom-mended. This guide is intended to promote th
24、e use of thisstandard reporting system and standard friction test methods.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide points out factors that must be considered inconducting a valid test for determination of the coefficient offriction of a tribosystem, and it encourages the use of astandard reporting form
25、at for friction data.5.1.1 The factors that are important for a valid test may notbe obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referencedwill assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that ismost appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.5.2 The tribology literature is r
26、eplete with friction data thatcannot readily be used by others because specifics are notpresented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data.The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting formatthat will enable computer databases to be readily established.These databases can be s
27、earched for material couples andtribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce theneed for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficientinformation on test conditions will be available to determineapplicability of the friction data to the engineers specificneeds.6. Apparatus6.1 An
28、y of the devices shown schematically in Table 1 canbe used to measure the friction forces in a sliding system. Weartest machines are often equipped with sensors to measurefriction forces also. The appropriate device to use is the onethat closely simulates a tribosystem of interest.6.2 The key part o
29、f simulating a tribosystem is to usespecimen geometries that resemble the components in thesystem of interest. Other important factors to simulate arenormal force (contact pressure), velocity, type of motion(reciprocating versus unidirectional), and environment. Forexample, if an application involve
30、s flat surfaces in contactunder relatively light loads and with low slip velocities, a sleddevice may be applicable. If an application involves materialssuch as friction composites, one of the brake type dynamom-eter tests may be appropriate.6.3 A very important consideration in selecting a testappa
31、ratus is stiffness of the friction force measuring system. Ifthe sliding member in a test couple is set into motion by a metalrod, chain, or similar device, there will be very little elasticstrain in the pulling device prior to initiation of motion, and theforce measuring transducer may not record a
32、 “breakaway”force, a force spike that is higher than the mean force measuredduring steady state sliding. This breakaway force is commonlyused to calculate static friction (Fig. 2). If initial friction is ofinterest in a test, it is advisable to use a force measuring systemwith substantial elasticity
33、. In sled type devices this is oftenFIG. 1 Typical Force versus Distance Behavior for a System thatExhibits Stick-Slip BehaviorG115042accomplished by using a nylon or similar plastic filament toproduce motion of the sliding member. The appropriate forcemeasuring system to use is the one that best si
34、mulates thetribosystem of interest; pulling plastic film over a roll probablyinvolves significant elasticity in the system (from the lowelastic modulus of the plastic). In this case an elastic frictionmeasuring system would be appropriate. (WarningMore“elastic” systems may be more prone to produce s
35、tick-slipbehavior. In addition, elastic beams containing strain gagesmay produce different friction responses than a more rigid loadcell even if used on the same friction testing machine.) Whenpulling a steel cable over the same roll, it would be moreappropriate to use a stiff testing system.6.4 Ini
36、tial friction force spikes will occur in many testsystems. Test surfaces that are prone to blocking or interlock-ing of surface features are particularly prone to showing abreakaway force spike. (Blocking is a term used to describe thetendency of some plastic materials to stick to each other afterlo
37、ng periods of contact.) Plasticized vinyl materials often blockwhen self mated. Plasticizer migration can be the cause.TABLE 1 ASTM Friction Tests and Applicable MaterialsStandard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test ConfigurationB 460 Dynamic Coefficient Friction materialsof Friction and Wear v
38、ersus metalof Sintered MetalB09 on Friction Materials (kversus temperature)Metal Under Dry ConditionsPowdersandMetalPowderProductsB 461 Frictional Friction materialsCharacteristics of versus metalSintered MetalFriction Materials (kversus number ofRun in Lubricants engagements)B09 on (kversus velocit
39、y)MetalPowdersandMetalPowderProductsB 526 Coefficient of Friction materialsFriction and Wear of versus gray cast ironSintered MetalFriction UnderDry-Clutch ConditionsB09 on Metal (sand k)PowdersandMetalPowderProductsC 808 Reporting Friction Carbon versus otheranyand Wear Test Results materialsof Man
40、ufactured CarbonD02 on Petroleum and Graphite BearingProducts and and Seal Materials (sand k)LubricantsFIG. 2 Typical Force versus Distance Recording for a Systemthat has a Static Friction that is Higher than its Kinetic FrictionG115043Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test ConfigurationD
41、 1894 Static and Kinetic Plastic film versus stiffD20 on Coefficients of or other solidsPlastics Friction of Plastic (sand k)Films and SheetingD 2047 Static Coefficient Walking materialsof Friction of Polish- versus shoe heels andCoated Floor Surfaces solesD21 on as Measured by thePolishes James Mac
42、hine (sand k)D 2394 Simulated Service Wood and wood baseTesting of Wood and flooring versus soleD07 on Wood-Base Finish leatherWood Flooring (sand k)D 2714 Calibration and Steel ring versus steelOperation of the block (lubricatedFalex Block-on-Ring with standard oil)Friction andD02 on Petroleum Wear
43、 TestingProducts and Machine (k)LubricantsD 3028 Kinetic Coefficients Plastic Sheets orof Friction of solids versus otherD20 Plastic Solids solidsPlastics (sand k)G115044Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test ConfigurationD 3108 Coefficient of Textile yarn versusFriction, Yarn to solidsD1
44、3 on Solid MaterialTextiles (k)D 3247 Coefficient of Static Cardboard self-matedFriction of CorrugatedD06 on and Solid Fiberboard (s)Paper and (HorizontalPaper Products Plane Method)D 3248 Coefficient of Static Cardboard self-matedFriction of Corrugatedand Solid FiberboardD06 on (Inclined Plane (s)P
45、aper and Paper Method)ProductsD 3334 Testing Fabrics Woven fabricWoven from Polyolefin self-matedD13 on MonofilamentsTextiles (s)G115045Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test ConfigurationD 3412 Coefficient of Continuous filament andFriction, Yarn-to- spun yarns self-matedD13 on YarnTexti
46、les (sand k)D 4103 Preparation of Vinyl and wood tilesanySubstrate Surfacesfor Coefficient ofD21 on Friction Testing (preparation only)PolishesE 303 Measuring Surface Rubber versus pavementFrictional PropertiesE17 on Using the BritishVehicle- Pendulum Tester (BPN BritishPavement Pendulum Number)Syst
47、emsE 510 Determining Pavement Rubber versus pavementSurface Frictionaland PolishingE17 on Characteristics using (TN, TorqueVehicle- a Small Torque Device Number)PavementSystemsG115046Standard/Committee Title Measured Parameters Test ConfigurationE 670 Side Force Friction Tires versus pavementon Pave
48、d SurfacesE17 on Using the Mu-Meter mu NumberVehicle- (F dry F wet)PavementSystemsE 707 Skid Resistance Rubber tire versuspavementMeasurements Usingthe North CarolinaState UniversityE17 Variable-Speed (VSNvariable speedVehicle- Friction Tester number)PavementSystemsF 489 Static Coefficient Leather a
49、nd rubber sole Same as D 2047of Friction of and heel material versusF13 on Safety Shoe Sole and Heel walking surfacesand Traction Materials as Measuredfor Footwear by the James Machine (s)F 609 Static Slip Resistance of Footwear materials versusSame as D 2047Footwear, Sole, Heel, walking surfacesF13 on Pedestrian/ or Related MaterialsWalkway Safety by Horizontal Pulland Footwear Slipmeter (HPS) (s)F 695 Evaluation of Test Footwear materials vsSame as D 2047Data Obtained by walking surfacesUsing the Horizontal (reliable ranking ofPull Slip
