1、Designation: G 81 97a (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forJaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 81; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.An
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure todetermine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials.Materials homogeneous in
3、 structure and properties are the mostappropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and com-posite materials can also be tested. The test involves a smalllaboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materi-als, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushablesubstance.1.2 Thi
4、s standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on SafetyPre
5、cautions.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 128/A 128M Specification for Steel Castings, AusteniticManganeseA 514/A 514M Specification for High-Yield-Strength,Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable forWeldingA 517/A 517M Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates,Alloy Steel, Hig
6、h-Strength, Quenched and TemperedE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-alsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of MetallicMaterialsE30 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Steel, CastIron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron3E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationshi
7、pAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, andScleroscope HardnessE 350 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Carbon Steel,Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, andWrought IronE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Stu
8、dy toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gouging abrasionsevere form of abrasive wear inwhich the force between an abrading body and the wearingsurface is sufficiently large that a macroscopic gouge, groove,deep scra
9、tch, or indentation can be produced in a singlecontact.3.1.2 The definitions of some other related terms may befound in Terminology G40.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cheek plateswear liners that protect the sides of thecrusher adjacent to the movable and stationary jaws.3.
10、2.2 movable jawpart of the crusher that moves againstthe material being crushed.3.2.3 reference platejaw plate made of a material uniformin microstructure and hardness and not varying significantlyfrom one piece to another; such a plate will give highlyreproducible results, to which other materials
11、to be tested maybe compared.3.2.4 stationary jawpart of the crusher that does notarticulate, but is directly opposite the movable jaw and is indirect crushing contact.3.2.5 test platejaw plate made of a material for which thegouging abrasion resistance is to be measured.3.2.6 toggle plateplate that
12、holds the bottom edge of themovable jaw relative to the stationary jaw.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A small laboratory jaw crusher with a feed opening ofabout 100 by 150 mm (4 by 6 in.) is modified to accept aneasily machined identical pair of reference wear plates and apair of similar test wear pla
13、tes. One test plate and one referenceplate are attached to the stationary jaw frame of the crusher,and the other test and reference plate are attached to themovable jaw frame, such that a reference plate and a test plate1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wearand Ero
14、sion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on AbrasiveWear.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as G 8197a(2002)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
15、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.oppose
16、one another. The minimum jaw opening is set at3.2 mm (0.125 in.), and a 225-kg (500-lb) load of prescreenedmaterial of suitable hardness is run through the crusher. Theminimum opening is then reset to 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) andanother 225 kg (500 lb) of rock is crushed. This is repeateduntil a minimum o
17、f 900 kg (2000 lb) of rock is crushed. Theprecleaned and weighed test plates are then recleaned andweighed, and the mass loss (in grams) is recorded. The volumeloss may be calculated from the mass loss and the knowndensities of the test materials, or it may be measured fornonmonolithic materials.Awe
18、ar ratio is developed by dividingthe volume loss of the test plate by the volume loss of thereference plate. This is done separately for the stationary andthe movable plates. The two wear ratios are then averaged fora final test wear ratio. The smaller the decimal figure for thewear ratio the better
19、 the wear resistance of the test platecompared to the reference plate. When highly wear resistanttest and reference plates are used the total amount of rock mustbe increased to 1800 kg (4000 lb) or more.5. Significance and Use5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used forlaboratory abrasio
20、n tests, see Refs (1-5)4and a limited amountof data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on thecrusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materialsand also indicates differences in wear life for that type ofabrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushingequipment and in
21、 many mining and earthmoving applications.This test method is considered useful for research and devel-opment purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.FIG. 1 Typical Jaw Crusher Construction
22、 and Layout of the Test PlatesG 81 97a (2007)2the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramaticallywith a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angu-larity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.6. Apparatus6.1 A jaw crusher with an approximate feed opening of 100by 1
23、50 mm (4 by 6 in.) is used.5This should have a singlemovable jaw and be of very rugged construction (see Fig. 1).6.2 The jaw crusher should be capable of accepting twoidentical wear plates on the stationary jaw frame and two wearplates of the same design on the movable jaw frame. Platelocating devic
24、es should be attached to hold the plates tightly inposition. The plate-bottom locating device shall ensure repro-ducible positioning of the bottom of each test plate for eachtest. The crusher shaft bearings should be roller or needlebearings to hold consistent tolerances. Spacers may be affixedto th
25、e shaft to prevent the movable head from changing the gapon the sides of the jaws. The toggle plate should be easilyremoved for rebuilding. The machine should have easilyreplaceable wear liners for the toggle plate holders.6.3 A motor of higher power than a standard crusher motormay be necessary, si
26、nce the flat wear plate design takes morepower to crush the rock.A5.2-kW(7-hp) motor has been foundto be satisfactory for this test method.6.4 Important Tolerances:6.4.1 Toggle Plate Length, +0 to 1.5 mm (+0 to 0.062in.).6.4.2 Wear Liners in Toggle Plate Holders, +0 to 0.75 mm(+0 to 0.031 in.).6.4.3
27、 Side to Side Movement of Movable Frame, 60.75 mm(60.031 in.).6.4.4 Wear Groove in Cheek Plates, no deeper than 6 mm(0.250 in.).6.4.5 Shaft Movement Relative to Crusher Frame, less than0.25 mm (0.010 in.).6.4.6 Movable Jaw Frame Movement Relative to Shaft, lessthan 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).6.4.7 Differen
28、ce in Toe-to-Toe Spacing, no more than 0.25mm (0.010 in.) across the width of the crusher exit.6.5 A frame should be made to support the crusher. Theframework must include a hopper above the crusher that willhold a minimum of 225 kg (500 lb) of rock at one time. Belowthe hopper a lever-actuated cont
29、rol gate and a chute should beattached to deliver the rock into the crusher opening. Below thecrusher a removable box may be installed that will hold 225 kg(500 lb) minimum of crushed rock. This box should have a lidwith an opening just below the crusher exit.6.6 An evacuation blower should be insta
30、lled on the frameto pull dust out of the crushing area and the receiving box andmove it to an acceptable collection or dump area. A protectivemagnetic grate should be installed at the top of the hopper tocollect any tramp iron or steel in the rock.6.7 One or more dump boxes are recommended that will
31、hold 225 kg (500 lb) of rock. This is for weighing the rock andtransporting it to the hopper above the crusher.6.8 A method of weighing 225 kg (500 lb) of rock and thecontainer should be available.6.9 A balance of sufficient capacity to weigh the test platesis necessary. The sensitivity should be at
32、 least 60.1 g.7. Materials7.1 Reference Plates:7.1.1 Reference plates can be made of any readily availablematerial that gives wear behavior consistent with Section 9.7.1.2 The most common reference wear plate materials areSpecification A 514/A 514M, Grade B steel plate, or Specifi-cation A 517/A 517
33、M, Grade B plate, quenched and tempered.It is suggested that an effort be made to select a plate as closeas possible (68 HB maximum) to 269 HB hardness (see TestMethods E10or E18and Hardness Conversion Tables E 140).A large plate should be purchased and cut into pieces suitableto machine into indivi
34、dual plates. The direction of rollingshould be in the direction of rock flow through the crusher.Each new batch should be compared with the previous batch.NOTE 1The exact hardness of the reference wear plate material is notcritical, but most published data are based upon experiments utilizingreferen
35、ce wear plates quite close to 269 HB.7.1.3 Cast manganese steel reference plates can also beused. SpecificationA 128/A 128M, GradeAis a consistent castproduct and works well as a reference material for testing morewear resistant materials. The plates should be cast oversize andthen heat treated. A n
36、arrow carbon range of 1.15 % 6 0.02 %is recommended, rather than a specific hardness (see TestMethods E30and E 350).7.1.4 Any material can be used as a reference material if itprovides results consistent with Section 9, and if later batchesalso reproduce original values. Any secondary reference ma-t
37、erial can be referenced or calibrated by running it against theprimary reference material to find by what percentage the weardiffers from the primary reference material.7.2 Rock:7.2.1 The rock to be crushed should be a hard, tough,precrushed material sized to be between 25 mm (1 in.) and 50mm (2 in.
38、). A hard morainal rock with the following compo-sition is given as an example (proportions are not critical):18 % quartz and quartzite, 28 % basalt, 20 % granite andgneiss, and 34 % limestone and shale.7.2.2 However, the rock composition and hardness are notcritical to the test. For example, taconi
39、te has been used, leadingto a large increase in plate wear rate compared to the morainalrock, but with no more than an 8 % variation in the wear ratiomeasured on the samples tested.8. Precautions8.1 Safety Precautions:8.1.1 All belts and flywheels should have metal guards tomeet OSHA standards.8.1.2
40、 A safe means of manual operation of the machineshould be provided.8.1.3 The on/off switch should have a key-operated lockout.5A Massco laboratory jaw crusher from Mine and Smelter, P.O. Box 16067,Denver, CO 80216 has been successfully modified for this test. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers
41、, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.G 81 97a (2007)38.1.4 The fill chute should fit well enough so that all rock isdirected to the crushing chamb
42、er.8.1.5 Aproper ladder should be fixed to the structure so thatthe operator can climb up to pick tramp iron from the magneticgrate in the hopper and to perform various inspections.8.2 Technical Precautions:8.2.1 The wear test plates must be identified as to testlocation, and this identification mus
43、t be retained through finalweighing.8.2.2 Close tolerances, as noted in Fig. 2, must be kept,especially on the toe end of the test plates. This must becontrolled carefully to achieve a consistent opening and,therefore, a consistent rock flow across the test specimen.8.2.3 All decarburized metal shou
44、ld be machined from thetest surface and edges prior to testing (see Fig. 2).8.2.4 Any heat-affected zone from torch cutting should beremoved from the test plates.8.2.5 Samples for testing should be selected from a uniformmaterial lot using accepted statistical practice.8.2.6 If heat treatment is req
45、uired, the test specimen blankshould be heat treated prior to machining to size. The heattreatment must be identical for both test plates that constitute asingle test.8.2.7 The test specimen should be finished to final size bygrinding. Steps should be taken to ensure that no significantheating of th
46、e test specimen occurs, either from the grindingoperation or during the test, that may cause a change inhardness or structure. It is recommended that a minimum of 2.5mm (0.100 in.) of material be removed from the wear surface.(This is to ensure the removal of any decarburization that mayhave occurre
47、d during heat treatment.) Ignore this precaution inthe case of surface-treated materials. The wear face should alsobe inspected for grinding cracks. The hardness can be checkedon the machined surface in the area of high wear prior totesting.8.2.8 Tolerances must be developed for each crusher design,
48、so as to ensure a constant operation. Fig. 2 includes tolerancesfor a test specimen design that fits the modified laboratory jawcrusher noted in 6.1.8.2.9 Tolerances must be maintained to keep the side-to-siderock flow and crushing even in the crusher. The tolerances aregiven in 6.4.8.2.10 For morai
49、nal gravel, the test rock can be slightlydamp but not dripping wet at time of testing. Holding inside abuilding for 86.4 ks (24 h) prior to test should be adequate ifthe water is allowed to drain away from the rock. For materialsother than morainal gravel, the effects of moisture have notbeen studied.8.2.11 Observe the crushed rock size when the testingfacility is first put into operation. If the final crushed rock sizegets noticeably larger as machine use continues, then themachine tolerances and calibration should be checked.9. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Calibr
