1、BRITISH STANDARD BS1133-22: 1989 Packaging code Section 22: Packaging in plastics containers UDC 621.798.1:678.5/.8.004.12BS1133-22:1989 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Policy Committee, was publishedunder the authority
2、 ofthe Board of BSI and comes intoeffect on 30 November1989 BSI07-1999 First published May1967 First revision November1989 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee referencePKM/503 Draft for comment87/40805DC ISBN 0 580 17820 X Committees responsible for this Briti
3、sh Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Policy Committee (PKM/-) to Technical CommitteePKM/503, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Drum Manufacturers British Glass Manufacturers Confederation B
4、ritish Paper and Board Industry Federation Department of Trade and Industry (Laboratory of the Government Chemist) Metal Packaging Manufacturers Association Ministry of Defence PIRA Pressed Felt Manufacturers Association Process Plant Association Timber Packaging and Pallet Confederation Amendments
5、issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue CommentsBS1133-22:1989 BSI 07-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword iii 1 Scope 1 2 General 1 3 Choice of package 1 4 General properties of plastics materials 1 4.1 Colour 1 4.2 Density 1 4.3 Mechanical properties 1 4.
6、4 Chemical resistance 2 4.5 Dimensional stability 2 4.6 Effect of light 2 4.7 Optical properties 2 4.8 Toxicity, odour and taste 3 4.9 Sterilization 3 4.10 Radiation 3 4.11 Decoration 3 4.12 Permeability 3 4.13 Static 4 4.14 Fire hazard 4 5 Characteristics of specific materials 4 5.1 Acrylonitrile b
7、utadiene styrene (ABS) 4 5.2 Acetal (POM) and its copolymers 4 5.3 Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 4 5.4 Cellulose acetates (CA) 4 5.5 Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) 4 5.6 Cellulose propionates (CP) 5 5.7 Phenol formaldehydes (PF) 5 5.8 Melamines and urea formaldehyde plastics 5 5.9 Polyamides (PA)
8、 5 5.10 Polycarbonates (PC) 5 5.11 Low density polyethylene (LDPE) 6 5.12 Linear low density polyethylene (Lin LDPE) 6 5.13 High density polyethylenes (HDPE) and copolymers 6 5.14 Medium density polyethylenes (MDPE) 6 5.15 Polypropylenes (PP) and copolymers 6 5.16 Unplasticized polyvinylchloride (UP
9、VC) and copolymers 6 5.17 Plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) 7 5.18 Polystyrenes (PS) 7 5.19 Toughened polystyrenes (HIPS) 7 5.20 Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) 7 5.21 Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) 8 5.22 Glycol modified polyesters (PETG) 8 5.23 Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH) 8 5.24 Acry
10、lonitrile rubber-modified copolymers (PAN) 8 5.25 Polymethylpentene (PMP) 9 5.26 Polyetherimide (PEI) 9BS1133-22:1989 ii BSI 07-1999 Page 5.27 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 9 5.28 Polysulphone 9 5.29 Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) 9 5.30 Polyurethanes (PU) 10 5.31 Summary of properties 10 6 Princip
11、al methods of manufacture 10 6.1 General 10 6.2 Extrusion blow moulding 10 6.3 Injection blow moulding 10 6.4 Stretch blow moulding 10 6.5 Injection moulding 11 6.6 Thermoforming 11 6.7 Tube extrusion 11 6.8 Rotational moulding 11 6.9 Compression moulding 11 6.10 Fabrication 11 6.11 Form-fill-seal 1
12、2 7 Types of containers 12 7.1 Trays and dishes 12 7.2 Jars and pots 13 7.3 Tubes (collapsible and rigid) 15 7.4 Bottles 15 7.5 Boxes 16 7.6 Pails and buckets 17 7.7 Transit containers 17 7.8 Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) 17 Appendix A Summary of the properties of a range of plastics materials
13、 19 Figure 1 Trays and dishes 13 Figure 2 Jars and pots 14 Figure 3 Tubes 15 Figure 4 Bottles 16 Figure 5 Boxes 17 Figure 6 Transit containers: drums 18 Figure 7 Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) 18 Table 1 Typical properties for a range of plastics materials 20 Publication referred to Inside back
14、 coverBS1133-22:1989 BSI 07-1999 iii Foreword This Section of BS1133 has been prepared under the direction of the Packaging and Freight Containers Standards Policy Committee. It is a revision of BS1133-22:1967, which is withdrawn. BS1133 was originally issued in December1943, primarily to give guida
15、nce on the packaging of Service and other Government supplies. In practice, however, the code was used not only by Government departments and contractors but also by civilian packers and, accordingly, it was amended to suit peace-time requirements. The Parts were later issued separately and new Sect
16、ions were added as new materials and methods were developed. This revision of Section22 updates the guidance material to reflect changes in use of the different types of plastics materials and methods of container manufacture. The packaging code now consists of the following Sections all of which ar
17、e published separately with the exception of Sections1 to3 which are published in one volume. Sections 1 to 3: Introduction to packaging; Section 4: Mechanical aids in package handling; Section 5: Protection against spoilage of packages and their contents by micro-organisms, insects, mites and roden
18、ts; Section 6: Temporary protection of metal surfaces against corrosion during transportation and storage; Section 7: Paper and board wrappers, bags and containers; Subsection 7.1: Wrapping papers; Subsection 7.2: Bags and envelopes; Subsection 7.3: Cartons and boxes; Subsection 7.4: Fibreboard drum
19、s; Chapter 7.5: Fibreboard cases; Subsection 7.6: Moulded pulp packaging; Section 8: Wooden containers; Section 9: Textile bags, sacks and wrappings; Section 10: Metal containers; Section 12: Methods of protection against shock (excluding cushioning devices); Section 13: Twines and cords for packagi
20、ng; Section 14: Adhesive closing and sealing tapes; Section 15: Tensional strapping; Section 16: Adhesives for packaging; Section 17: Wicker and veneer baskets; Section 18: Glass containers and closures; Subsection 18.1: Terminology; Section 19: Use of desiccants in packaging; Section 21: Regenerate
21、d cellulose film, plastics films, aluminium foil and flexible laminates; Section 22: Packaging in plastics containers.BS1133-22:1989 iv BSI 07-1999 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct
22、application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi toiv, pages1to22, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date
23、) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS1133-22:1989 BSI 07-1999 1 1 Scope This Section of BS1133 provides general guidance on the use in packaging of containers made of plastics materials. Typical properties for a range o
24、f plastics materials are listed in Appendix A. 2 General It is technically possible, although not necessarily economically practicable, to find suitable plastics materials for the manufacture of containers for a great variety of products. Plastics containers are already in wide use in the food and d
25、rink, chemical, dairying, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries. In this Section of BS1133, plastics materials in current use are described and an indication given of their properties and their suitability for various packaging applications (see clause5). However, consultation with manufactu
26、rers is essential before a decision is taken on the use of a particular material for a specific product. 3 Choice of package A number of factors affect the choice of the most suitable package for a given product. They are dealt with fully in Sections1 to3 of BS1133, but for convenience may be summar
27、ized under the following headings: a) size and density of contents; b) storage, transport and handling conditions; c) physical and chemical nature of the contents; d) construction and shape; e) presentation; f) filling and dispensing requirements; g) processing requirements; h) possible re-use; i) q
28、uantity requirements; j) shelf-life requirements; k) sterilization requirements; l) migration of low molecular weight materials into and out of the container; m) legislative requirements concerning toxicity, contamination of product, labelling, and in the case of hazardous products, transport regula
29、tions which must be complied with. It will be appreciated that the relative importance of the different factors will vary with the product to be packed. Apart from these general considerations, the special considerations applicable to the use of plastics containers are discussed in clauses4 and5. 4
30、General properties of plastics materials 4.1 Colour The majority of plastics are available in a full range of colours. Some groups have limitations, e.g.the base colour of phenol formaldehyde restricts it to dark colours. Transparent tints are available only in plastics which are transparent in thei
31、r natural form, e.g.acrylics, cellulosics, polycarbonates, unmodified polystyrenes, styrene acrylonitrile and polyvinyl chloride. Toxicity considerations will influence the choice of pigments which can be used. 4.2 Density Density is defined as mass per unit volume, the SI unit of density being the
32、kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m 3 ). Plastic materials have a low density. Variations of density occur not only between different types of plastics, but often between grades of the same type. A notable example occurs in the polyethylene family where a change in density from910kg/m 3to960kg/m 3 , i.e.
33、a change of only50kg/m 3 , is associated with significant changes in rigidity, permeability and other properties. Density may be increased if pigments are added or reduced if the plastics material has a cellular structure. 4.3 Mechanical properties In selecting a plastics material for a container, d
34、ue regard should be paid to the mechanical properties relevant to the conditions of use. The following are the most important. a) Impact resistance. A measure of the ability of a material to withstand mechanical shock. Temperature and container design may have a considerable influence on impact resi
35、stance. At low temperature some materials will become brittle. When some containers are kept at an elevated temperature for an extended period, brittleness may also result from loss of plasticizer or from oxidation. When degradation is caused by oxidation, the incorporation of antioxidants minimizes
36、 this effect. b) Rigidity. A measure of the stiffness of a material determined by measuring the stress required either to produce a given degree of deformation or to result in a specified maximum degree of strain. With thermoplastic materials, rigidity decreases with rise in temperature and when pla
37、sticized by solvents or moisture.BS1133-22:1989 2 BSI 07-1999 c) Creep. A measure of deformation with time when a plastics material is subjected to a sustained load. In extreme cases creep can cause problems such as instability of stacked containers. 4.4 Chemical resistance 4.4.1 Acids and alkalis.
38、Most plastics materials used in the manufacture of containers are resistant to a wide range of acids and alkalis. Advice regarding the suitability of a material should be obtained from the manufacturer. 4.4.2 Solvents and oils. It is difficult to generalize on the action of organic solvents on plast
39、ics materials. It is therefore desirable to obtain advice as to suitability from the supplier, and where necessary to carry out compatibility tests. Solvents may permeate through containers and cause stickiness of the package and affect the print. Oils are generally classified into animal, vegetable
40、 and mineral, each type having a different effect. In general vegetable oils cause more difficulty in packaging. Essential oils used in perfumery and cosmetics may soften the plastic and cause dimensional changes. 4.4.3 Surface active agents. Some substances, for instance detergents, can cause crack
41、ing of certain plastics when stressed either internally, or externally. This environmental stress cracking can usually be avoided in practice by selecting grades of material that are more resistant to the phenomenon and by careful design of the container. Before general use, trials should be made wi
42、th the complete container under the conditions to be encountered in storage and distribution. 4.5 Dimensional stability 4.5.1 General. Poor dimensional stability may cause considerable difficulties in printing due to inaccurate registration, and in stacking and handling. In severe cases, container c
43、apacity and shape may change significantly. 4.5.2 Effect of moisture. With some plastics, absorption of moisture can plasticize the polymer and cause dimensional changes and a reduction in physical properties, e.g.rigidity. The moisture can be absorbed from the atmosphere or from the product packed
44、in a container. 4.5.3 Effect of temperature. All thermoplastics are affected by change in temperature. Some containers become limp and may deform as the ambient or product temperature increases. Such deformation may increase over a period of time when the containers are subjected to load, as in a st
45、ack. Containers with built-in strain, e.g.oriented bottles, will attempt to revert to their unoriented condition when a certain temperature is exceeded. Any chemical attack is accelerated at elevated temperatures. 4.6 Effect of light Exposure to light is not normally a problem but prolonged exposure
46、 may cause degradation of certain plastics due to oxidation and result in loss of clarity, change in colour, brittleness or a surface deposit. These effects can be reduced by the addition of suitable stabilizers or pigments to the plastics, or by applying suitable coatings to the container. 4.7 Opti
47、cal properties The optical quality of a plastics container is determined by a number of factors of which the most important are the following: a) Gloss. The ability of the plastic to reflect light in the same way as a mirror; it gives a quantitative measure of the “sparkle” of the container. b) Ligh
48、t transmission. Indicates the proportion of incident light that passes through the container. There is no direct relationship between light transmission and clarity. When protection of the contents from light is required, suitable pigments and/or other additives may be added to the material. c) Haze
49、. Haze is defined as that percentage of transmitted light which, in passing through a specimen, deviates from an incident beam normal to the specimen by forward scattering. Its measurement is designed to correlate with the clarity with which one can see detail of an object on the far side of, though not in contact with, the material. d) “See through” clarity. An expression used to indicate the degree of distortion of a distant object when viewed through the container. Because the container is generally close t
