1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 14184:2014Water quality Guidancefor the surveying of aquaticmacrophytes in running watersBS EN 14184:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14184:2014. Itsupersedes BS EN 14184:2003/BS 6068-5.34:2003 which is withdraw
2、n.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/3/5, Biological Methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are
3、responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 75639 9ICS 13.060.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStand
4、ards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 14184:2014EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 14184 March 2014 ICS 13.060.70 Supersedes EN 14184:2003English Version Water quality - Guidance for the surveying of aquatic m
5、acrophytes in running waters Qualit de leau - Guide pour ltude des macrophytes aquatiques dans les cours deaux Wasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung fr die Untersuchung aquatischer Makrophyten in Fliegewssern This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 January 2014. CEN members are bound to comply w
6、ith the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Man
7、agement Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same s
8、tatus as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Ma
9、lta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 C
10、EN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14184:2014 EBS EN 14184:2014EN 14184:2014 (E) 2 Contents Foreword 4 Introduction .5 1 Scope 6 2 Terms and definitions .6 3 Principle 7 4 Equipment 8 4.1 General 8 4.2 Deeper waters (op
11、tional) .8 5 Survey planning .8 5.1 General 8 5.2 Timing of initial and subsequent surveys .9 5.3 Survey protocols9 5.4 Selection of reference sites . 10 5.5 Selection of river reaches 10 5.6 Selection of representative sites . 11 6 Survey procedure . 12 6.1 Survey preparation . 12 6.2 Survey techni
12、que 12 6.3 Field survey . 13 6.4 Recording and quantification scales for macrophytes. 14 6.5 Aquatic macrophyte identification 16 Annex A (informative) Principles of interlaboratory comparison for macrophyte surveys in running waters Occurrence and abundance of macrophyte species 17 A.1 General . 17
13、 A.2 General aspects of quality assurance in aquatic macrophyte survey 17 A.3 Site selection . 17 A.3.1 General . 17 A.3.2 Site parameters . 18 A.3.2.1 Flow 18 A.3.2.2 Depth 18 A.3.2.3 Width 18 A.3.2.4 Transparency 19 A.3.3 Survey unit number, length and demarcation . 19 A.3.4 Aquatic vegetation cha
14、racteristics suitable for IC 19 A.4 Independence of participants results 19 A.5 Field protocol and time limit 20 A.5.1 General aspects 20 A.5.2 Time limit for the field survey 20 A.6 Data collection for the whole group of participants 20 A.7 Reference values for the survey . 20 A.7.1 General . 20 A.
15、7.2 Reference values for species number, taxonomic correctness and abundance of species 20 BS EN 14184:2014EN 14184:2014 (E) 3 A.8 Description of results concerning species detection 21 A.9 Description of results concerning species abundance . 22 A.10 Reporting 23 Bibliography 24 BS EN 14184:2014EN
16、14184:2014 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 14184:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This document supersedes EN 14184:2003. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publicatio
17、n of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC s
18、hall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document contains the following technical changes to the previous edition: a) this document is applicable to all kinds of running surface waters (e. g. rivers, streams, artificial canals); b) requirements for survey pla
19、nning and documentation were revised concerning the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD); c) a further example for estimator scales widely used in Europe to assess aquatic macrophyte abundance was added in Table 1; d) informative Annex A “Principles of interlaboratory comparison for m
20、acrophyte surveys in running waters Occurrence and abundance of macrophyte species” was added. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus
21、, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United K
22、ingdom. BS EN 14184:2014EN 14184:2014 (E) 5 Introduction Macrophytes are an important component of aquatic ecosystems and can be used to facilitate the monitoring of ecological status. The requirement to use macrophytes in monitoring is inherent in numerous European directives (e. g. the Water Frame
23、work Directive (2000/60/EC), Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC), Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC), etc.). In addition to their important ecological role, the use of macrophytes as indicators of ecological quality in running waters is based on the fact that certain species and species
24、groups are indicators for specific running water types and are adversely affected by anthropogenic impact. In certain types of running water habitats the lack of macrophytes is not an effect of anthropogenic impact but a characteristic feature. For example, in geological formations like the flysch,
25、or in the central part of deeper rivers macrophytes may be absent due to the habitat limitations imposed by geology and substrate, water depth, current flow velocity, turbidity, etc. A wide range of sampling and survey methodologies has been developed for specific applications including conservation
26、, drainage impact, management, ecological habitat enhancement etc. The methodology of this guidance standard is recommended specifically for the surveying of macrophytes in running freshwaters, of natural, heavily modified and artificial character, and for the purpose of monitoring ecological status
27、. It could be used as the basis for investigative monitoring of water quality or other applications, as well. According to the precise usage to which this European Standard is to be put, it is essential for specifiers and users to mutually agree on any necessary variations or optional procedural det
28、ails prior to use. WARNING Working in or around water is inherently dangerous. Persons using this European Standard should be familiar with usual field and laboratory practice. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the r
29、esponsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions. BS EN 14184:2014EN 14184:2014 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for surveying aquatic macrophytes in running waters for the purpose o
30、f assessing ecological status, using these organisms as elements of biological quality. The information provided by this method includes the composition and abundance of the aquatic macrophyte flora. This European Standard is applicable to all kinds of surface running water bodies, like natural broo
31、ks, streams and rivers and their heavily modified equivalents, as well as to artificial water bodies like canals or run-of-river reservoirs. The general principles of the approach described in this European Standard may also be applied when monitoring water bodies in the fluvial corridor of a river,
32、 such as side channels and oxbows. It is recognized that for a complete assessment of ecological status, other elements of biological quality should also be assessed. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 aquatic macrophytes larger
33、plants of fresh water which are easily seen with the naked eye, or which usually form colonies, including all aquatic vascular plants, bryophytes, stoneworts (Characeae) and macro-algal growths 2.2 bank permanent side of a river or island, which is above the normal water level and only submerged dur
34、ing periods of high river flow Note 1 to entry: In the context of this standard, bank species include macrophytes that overhang the channel or overgrow the water surface but are rooted in the bank. 2.3 channel course of a river or stream Note 1 to entry: In the context of this standard, this include
35、s only the in-stream part, i. e. that which is under water most of the time although it may be exposed temporarily under conditions of dry-weather flow or for longer periods under certain natural (climatic, geological) conditions. 2.4 belt transect defined band across a river or stream at right angl
36、es to the bank Note 1 to entry: This may be virtual or physically delineated within which the aquatic vegetation is analysed (species composition, abundance, cover). 2.5 ecological status expression of the quality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, expressed by comparing the pre
37、vailing conditions with reference conditions Note 1 to entry: As classified in accordance with Annex V of the EC Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). BS EN 14184:2014EN 14184:2014 (E) 7 2.6 helophyte plant usually rooted under water or in the wet part of the bank with emergent shoots, typically g
38、rowing in marginal or marshy areas 2.7 hydrophyte aquatic plant that is usually rooted under water with floating or submerged leaves, or totally free floating at the water surface 2.8 reference site length of river representing the reference conditions for a given ecological type of river 2.9 refere
39、nce conditions biological conditions reflecting a totally undisturbed state, lacking human impact, or a near-natural with only minor evidence of distortion Note 1 to entry: Biological reference conditions may be defined using field sites or, where necessary, using expert judgement or predictive mode
40、lling techniques. 2.10 representative site length of river reach representative of the ecological quality that characterizes that reach 2.11 river reach sub-division of a river, or surface water body with running water, defined by physical, hydrological and chemical characteristics that distinguishe
41、s it from other parts of the river upstream and downstream 2.12 survey stretch survey unit SU short length of river for which community composition and abundance of aquatic species is determined Note 1 to entry: Abundance can be assessed by quantitative or semiquantitative methods. This approach can
42、 be used for e. g. assessment of ecological status and/or for other purposes dealing with the description of the aquatic macropyhte vegetation. 3 Principle This European Standard describes the methodological approach for determining the ecological status of river reaches using aquatic macrophytes. T
43、he status of a river reach, or surface water body with running water, is assessed by surveying short river stretches (representative sites) which are representative for the ecological conditions in this water body. Thereafter its deviation from the conditions recorded in reference sites is determine
44、d. Reference sites are located in river reaches of similar ecological type which are still in natural or near-natural conditions. If natural conditions in river reaches no longer exist, it is necessary to reconstruct these conditions upon whatever existing records, or by modelling or expert knowledg
45、e. A published approach can be applied to situations where near-natural conditions are absent 5. The presence of aquatic macrophyte taxa in the channels of representative river lengths is recorded. Macrophyte abundance, measured in terms of the spatial extension of taxa or macrophyte beds (coverage
46、or macrophyte biovolume, see Table 1), is assessed by different methods adapted to the scale and purpose of the study. BS EN 14184:2014EN 14184:2014 (E) 8 Numerical derivatives (metrics) of the macrophyte composition and abundance in a surveyed river length can be used to identify the divergence fro
47、m type-specific “natural” conditions. Methods for the sampling of macrophytes are given in EN ISO 10870. 4 Equipment 4.1 General 4.1.1 Maps, with scales compatible with the objectives of the survey. 4.1.2 Waterproof recording sheets, indelible pens/pencils and clipboard in a clear cover. 4.1.3 Plast
48、ic bags, small specimen tubes and waterproof labels. 4.1.4 Tape measure calibrated in metres, marking stakes and mallet. 4.1.5 Hand lens, magnification at least 10 x . 4.1.6 Identification keys and field guides. 4.1.7 Wading suit. 4.1.8 Polarizing sunglasses. 4.1.9 Camera with polarizing lens. 4.1.1
49、0 Global Positioning System (GPS)-instrument (for higher accuracy: differential GPS). 4.1.11 Rake with extendable handle and/or grapnel. 4.1.12 Underwater viewing aid/aqua-scope, bucket or box with clear Perspex base. 4.1.13 White plastic trays. 4.2 Deeper waters (optional) 4.2.1 Boat and necessary safety equipment. 4.2.2 Grapnel with depth markings in metres on the rope. 4.2.3 Underwater viewing aid/aqua-scope, viewing tube, bucket or box with clear Perspex base. 4.2.4 Wet-suit, diving equipment. 5 Survey planning 5.1 General At the beginning of a survey the
