1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58zooplankton from standing watersThe European Standard EN 15110:2006 has the status of a British Sta
2、ndardICS 13.060.45Water quality Guidance standard for the sampling of BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15110:2006BS 6068-5.41:2006BS EN 15110:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 48602 8request to its secre
3、tary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogu
4、e or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.Summary of pagesThis document comp
5、rises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 23 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsA list of organizations represented on this subcommit
6、tee can be obtained on present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.National forewordThis British Standar
7、d is the official English language version of EN 15110:2006.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee EH/3, Water quality, to Subcommittee EH/3/5, Biological methods, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text;EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROP
8、ENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 15110May 2006ICS 13.060.45English VersionWater quality - Guidance standard for the sampling ofzooplankton from standing watersQualit de leau - Guide pour lchantillonnage duzooplancton dans les eaux stagnantesWasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung zur Probenahme vonZooplankton aus ste
9、henden GewssernThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 April 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliogr
10、aphical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN
11、 member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Li
12、thuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 C
13、EN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15110:2006: EEN 15110:2006 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principle7 5 Equipment 7 6 Preserving solutions 1
14、0 7 Preliminary stages 11 8 Sampling procedure . 11 9 Identification and records 16 10 Preservation and storage of samples. 17 11 Quality assurance. 18 Annex A (informative) Preservation . 19 Annex B (informative) Example of a field data sheet 22 Bibliography. 23 EN 15110:2006 (E) 3 Foreword This do
15、cument (EN 15110:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2006,
16、 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2006. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
17、Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EN 15110:2006 (E) 4 Introduction Zooplankton community structure provi
18、des information on a range of physico-chemical and biotic causative variables. These include pH- and acidification-related variables, toxic chemicals, phytoplankton structure and abundance (i.e. lake productivity), and intensity of fish predation. The effects of size-selective predation are well kno
19、wn and the size-structure of zooplankton communities can give valuable information of the fish community. Metazoan zooplankton (metazooplankton) constitute a large number of species within a range of total lengths of about 0,05 mm to 20 mm, but mostly 2 mm. The main groups are the rotifers (Rotatori
20、a), the cladocerans (Cladocera) and the copepods (Copepoda). Some shrimps (Natantia; e.g. Mysidae) and larvae of dipterans (Diptera, e.g. Chaoborus) may also be considered as part of the zooplankton fauna. Rotifers and crustaceans inhabiting the littoral of standing waters can also be grouped with t
21、he more strictly planktonic forms. Fish larvae, hemipterans (Heteroptera, e.g. Corixidae) and coleopterans (Coleoptera) are occasionally recorded in the plankton samples but are not considered as part of the zooplankton fauna. Procedures for sampling of protozooplankton (Protozoa) are not included i
22、n this standard. Surveys of zooplankton have provided valuable information for the environmental monitoring of standing waters, because this group includes species which: a) occur in a wide range of standing waters over a large geographical area and at the same time have specific environmental requi
23、rements; b) are well known with regard to their geographical distribution and environmental requirements; c) have a generally high capacity for dispersal enabling them to respond rapidly to remedial actions; while d) sampling requires only a modest expenditure of time and equipment. WARNING Working
24、in or around water is inherently dangerous. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory condition
25、s. NOTE According to the classification by Fryer 5 the assemblage long known as the Cladocera is split into four orders; Ctenopoda, Anomopoda, Onychopoda and Haplopoda. Cladocera is however used in this standard as a general descriptive term. EN 15110:2006 (E) 5 1 Scope This guidance standard descri
26、bes general procedures for surveying zooplankton in standing waters for the purposes of water quality assessment and determination of ecological status. Guidance on sampling procedures and the subsequent steps for preservation and storage are given. The sampling procedures provide estimate for speci
27、es occurrence and their abundance (relative or absolute), including spatial distribution and temporal trends, for a given body of water. Calculation of biomass and production is made possible. This method is restricted to the sampling of multicellular zooplankton that inhabit the pelagic and littora
28、l regions of lakes, reservoirs and ponds. The sampling procedure may be also employed in slow running waters and canals. NOTE The field methods described are suitable for the collection of open-water plankton and littoral plankton species. They are inappropriate for the collection of littoral specie
29、s that primarily live on or in the surface of sediments and on the surface of aquatic plants. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edi
30、tion of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. prEN 14996, Water quality Guidance on assuring the quality of biological and ecological assessments in the aquatic environment. EN 25667-1, Water quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes (ISO 5667-1:198
31、0). EN ISO 5667-3, Water quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples (ISO 5667-3:2003) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 anoxic condition in which the concentration of dissolved oxygen
32、 is so low that certain groups of micro-organisms prefer oxidized forms of nitrogen, sulphur, or carbon as an electron acceptor NOTE As the oxygen concentration approach zero the concentration of hydrogensulfide (H2S), released by bacterial anaerobic (no oxygen present) activity, is increasing. The
33、anoxic conditions markedly affect the cycling of other nutrients, ecosystem productivity, and the distribution of biota. 3.2 body of surface water discrete and significant element of surface water such as a lake, reservoir, stream, river or canal, part of a stream, river or canal, a transitional wat
34、er or a stretch of coastal water EC Directive 2000/60/EC 3.3 dimictic lake lake with spring and autumn turnovers (temperate lake) EN 15110:2006 (E) 6 3.4 epilimnion water above the thermocline in a stratified body of water 3.5 fixation protection from disintegration of the morphological structure of
35、 organisms 3.6 impact study investigation of the physical, physico-chemical and biological consequences of a given intervention in a body of water NOTE A study of consequences should be capable of forming a basis for the subsequent remedial measures. 3.7 habitat locality in which a plant or animal n
36、aturally grows or lives NOTE It can be either the geographical area over which it extends, or the particular station in which a specimen is found. 3.8 hypolimnion water below the thermocline in a stratified body of water 3.9 littoral zone shallow marginal zone of a body of water within which light p
37、enetrates to the bottom; usually colonised by rooted vegetation 3.10 metazoan multicellular animals that develop from embryos 3.11 metazooplankton multicellular zooplankton (see 3.21) 3.12 pelagic zone free body of water beyond the littoral zone 3.13 plankton organisms drifting or suspended in water
38、, consisting chiefly of minute plants or animals, but including larger forms having only weak powers of locomotion 3.14 preservation protection from (bio)chemical degradation of organic matter 3.15 sampling site (sampling station) general area within a body of water from which samples are taken NOTE
39、 A station is defined in terms of its location (geographical position, depth) and invariant conditions (e.g. type of bottom in shallow-water areas) and is delimited on the basis of the accuracy with which these are given. In cases of doubt when sampling stations have to be re-identified, most weight
40、 should be placed on depth and type of bottom. EN 15110:2006 (E) 7 3.16 stratified water standing water with temperature gradients resulting in an upper, warmer, isothermal layer floating on cooler, denser, usually also isothermal water NOTE Between the upper layer, the epilimnion, and the lower lay
41、er, the hypolimnion, is a transitional zone, the metalimnion (see thermocline). The thermal stratification may be very short-lived or persist for all of the warmer part of the year. Lakes with ice-cover during the cold season may show inverse stratification; an upper, cooler ( 4 C) layer floating on
42、 warmer water. Water has its highest density at 4 C and during stratification and inverse stratification the deeper water has a temperature of approximately 4 C. 3.17 subsampling collection of a sub-sample that consists of a known fraction of the total sample and that is representative of the quanti
43、ty and species composition of the latter 3.18 thermocline (metalimnion) layer in a thermally stratified body of water in which the temperature gradient is at a maximum 3.19 trend monitoring study intended to reveal any changes in the ecological status of a body of water over time 3.20 turbidity redu
44、ction of transparency of water caused by the presence of undissolved matter 3.21 zooplankton animals present in plankton 4 Principle The sampling strategy adopted provides information on the current status of the metazooplankton community. The selection of sampling sites (numbers and location), samp
45、ling depth, time and frequency of sampling, size of samples and type of sampling gear is of great importance for the evaluation of the data collected. As a general guidance EN 25667-1 should be consulted. 5 Equipment There exist several overviews of the most widely used zooplankton sampling techniqu
46、es and their advantages and drawbacks (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 13). This standard provides some general recommendations. EN 15110:2006 (E) 8 Key a conical plankton net b Schindler trap c modified Ramberg sampler d Clarke-Bumpus sampler Figure 1 Examples of different zooplankton sampling equipment 5.1
47、 Qualitative sampling 5.1.1 Nets Nylon plankton nets of various dimensions and mesh sizes can be used for sampling (Figure 1a). It is important that nets should have a large filtering surface relative to their opening in order to ensure that filtering is as efficient as possible. A net with an openi
48、ng diameter of 30 cm, for example, should have a length of about one metre as a minimum. A cylindrical net section above the conical part increase the filtering area compared with a conical plankton net with the same opening diameter and length. If both rotifers and crustaceans are to be analysed, a
49、 net with a mesh of about 40 m to 50 m should be utilised. Nets with meshes smaller than 40 m will readily become clogged and their use should normally be avoided, although they may be useful in oligotrophic waters. If only crustacean plankton are to be analysed a mesh of 90 m (max. 100 m) can be used. If both rotifers and crustaceans, including large predatory species, are to be sampled with a reasonable degree of efficiency, the use of three nets with different mesh sizes are EN 15110:2006 (E) 9 rec
