1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16760:2015Bio-based products LifeCycle AssessmentBS EN 16760:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16760:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MI/2, Bio-based products.A li
2、st of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards
3、 Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 86582 4 ICS 13.020.60 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
4、Date T e x t a f f e c t e dBS EN 16760:2015EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16760 November 2015 ICS 13.020.60 English Version Bio-based products - Life Cycle Assessment Produits biosourcs - Analyse du cycle de vie Biobasierte Produkte - kobilanzen This European Standard was appr
5、oved by CEN on 17 October 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationa
6、l standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language
7、 and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hu
8、ngary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CE
9、NELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16760:2015 EBS EN 16760:2015EN 16760:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 6 2 Normativ
10、e references 6 3 Terms and definitions . 6 4 Methodology for LCA of bio-based products . 6 4.1 General description of an LCA 6 4.2 General aspects of LCA for bio-based products 6 4.3 Goal and Scope of the LCA study 7 4.3.1 Goal of the LCA study . 7 4.3.2 Scope of the LCA study . 8 5 LCI Life Cycle I
11、nventory 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 Sources of data 11 5.2.1 General . 11 5.2.2 Geographical data 11 5.2.3 Temporal data . 11 5.3 Allocation procedure 11 5.4 LCI Collecting data and modelling . 12 5.4.1 Considerations for resource use . 12 5.4.2 Land use . 13 5.4.3 Water inventory 14 5.5 Inventory of f
12、ossil and biogenic carbon flows . 15 5.6 Guidance for modelling agriculture, forestry and aquaculture systems . 16 5.6.1 Modelling agricultural systems . 16 5.6.2 Modelling forestry systems 19 5.6.3 Modelling aquaculture systems 20 5.6.4 Modelling end-of-life processes in LCAs of bio-based products
13、20 6 LCIA Life Cycle Impacts Assessment . 21 6.1 Impact categories and impact indicators 21 6.1.1 General . 21 6.1.2 Selection of impact categories . 21 6.1.3 Applicability of methods and data . 21 6.1.4 Weighting and comparative assertions disclosed to the public 21 6.2 Guidelines for specific impa
14、ct indicators 22 6.2.1 Treatment of biogenic and non-biogenic carbon in assessing climate change . 22 6.2.2 Land use impact on areas of protection . 22 6.2.3 Impact of water use . 23 7 Interpretation and reporting of LCA . 23 7.1 Interpretation 23 7.2 Reporting of LCA . 23 7.3 Critical review . 24 A
15、nnex A (informative) Example of allocation on glycerol . 25 A.1 Example for the based approach 25 BS EN 16760:2015EN 16760:2015 (E) 3 Annex B (informative) Examples of fossil and biogenic carbon flows accounting and communication 26 B.1 Example of fossil and biogenic carbon flows accounting . 26 B.2
16、 Example of a representation of cradle-to-gate / cradle-to-grave emissions 27 B.3 Temporal accounting 27 B.3.1 ILCD guidance for calculating temporal accounting (CFP = Carbon Footprint) . 27 B.3.2 Example of calculation temporal accounting . 28 Annex C (informative) Examples of impact categories and
17、 impact indicators 29 C.1 Indicator of impacts which contribute to Climate change . 29 C.2 Indicators of impacts which contribute to the exhaustion of non-renewable resources . 29 C.3 Indicators of impacts affecting human health 29 Bibliography . 32 BS EN 16760:2015EN 16760:2015 (E) 4 European forew
18、ord This document (EN 16760:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based products”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by
19、 May 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent ri
20、ghts. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Aus
21、tria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swed
22、en, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16760:2015EN 16760:2015 (E) 5 Introduction Bio-based products from forestry and agriculture have a long history of application, such as paper, board and various chemicals and materials. The last decades have seen the emergence of new bio-based pr
23、oducts in the market. Some of the reasons for the increased interest lie in the bio-based products benefits in relation to the depletion of fossil resources and climate change. Bio-based products may also provide additional product functionalities. This has triggered a wave of innovation with the de
24、velopment of knowledge and technologies allowing new transformation processes and product development. Acknowledging the need for common standards for bio-based products, the European Commission issued mandate M/4921, resulting in a series of standards developed by CEN/TC 411, with a focus on bio-ba
25、sed products other than food, feed and biomass for energy applications. The standards of CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based products” provide a common basis on the following aspects: Common terminology; Bio-based content determination; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Sustainability aspects; Declaration tools. It is
26、 important to understand what the term bio-based product covers and how it is being used. The term bio-based means derived from biomass. Bio-based products (bottles, insulation materials, wood and wood products, paper, solvents, chemical intermediates, composite materials, et cetera) are products wh
27、ich are wholly or partly derived from biomass. It is essential to characterize the amount of biomass contained in the product by for instance its bio-based content or bio-based carbon content. The bio-based content of a product does not provide information on its environmental impact or sustainabili
28、ty, which may be assessed through LCA and sustainability criteria. In addition, transparent and unambiguous communication within bio-based value chains is facilitated by a harmonized framework for certification and declaration. This European Standard aims to provide specific life cycle assessment re
29、quirements and guidance for bio-based products, based on EN ISO 14040 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework and EN ISO 14044 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines. Though the scope of CEN/TC 411 excludes food, feed and energy, li
30、fe cycle assessment of biomass and bio-based products should follow the same principles irrespective of their use. This European Standard informs and guides life cycle assessment and applications including for example Product Category Rules (PCR). An LCA assessment carried out according to this stan
31、dard can be used as a basis to assess certain criteria as laid down in prEN 16751. 1A Mandate is a standardization task embedded in European trade laws. M/492 Mandate is addressed to the European Standardization bodies, CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, for the development of horizontal European Standards for
32、bio-based products. BS EN 16760:2015EN 16760:2015 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard provides specific life cycle assessment (LCA) requirements and guidance for bio-based products, excluding food, feed and energy, based on EN ISO 14040 and EN ISO 14044. This European Standard covers bio-based prod
33、ucts, derived wholly or partly from biomass. This European Standard provides guidance and requirements to assess impact over the life cycle of bio-based products with the focus on how to handle the specificities of the bio-based part of the product. The applications of LCA as such are outside the sc
34、ope of this European Standard. Clarifications, considerations, practices, simplifications and options for the different applications, are also beyond the scope of this European Standard. In addition, this European Standard may be applied in studies that do not cover the whole life cycle, with justif
35、ication e.g. in the case of business-to-business information, such as cradle-to-gate studies, gate-to-gate studies, and specific parts of the life cycle (e.g. waste management, components of a product). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced i
36、n this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 16575, Bio-based products - Vocabulary EN ISO 14025, Environmental labels and
37、declarations - Type III environmental declarations - Principles and procedures (ISO 14025) EN ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO 14040:2006) EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines
38、 (ISO 14044:2006) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 16575, EN ISO 14040 and EN ISO 14044 apply. 4 Methodology for LCA of bio-based products 4.1 General description of an LCA The general description of life cycle assessment is defined in
39、EN ISO 14040:2006, Clause 4, with 4.1 Principles of LCA, 4.2 Phases of an LCA, 4.3 Key features of an LCA, 4.4 Product system. 4.2 General aspects of LCA for bio-based products The LCA of a bio-based product shall cover the whole product, not only its bio-based part, see Figure 1. However, the focus
40、 of this European Standard is on how to handle the specificities of the bio-based part of the product. BS EN 16760:2015EN 16760:2015 (E) 7 Figure 1 Example of a product system of a bio-based product which includes biomass as well as non-biogenic material feedstocks NOTE 1 The boxes linked with bold
41、arrows in Figure 1 represent the flows of bio-based products (partly or fully derived from biomass) that can be raw materials, intermediary products and final product. NOTE 2 For simplification purposes, transportation steps have not been reported in Figure 1, but transportation can occur between an
42、y of the unit processes. This European Standard provides additional requirements and guidelines for bio-based products on: Goal and scope (see 4.3), Life Cycle Inventory - LCI (see Clause 5), Life Cycle Impact Assessment - LCIA (see Clause 6) and Interpretation and reporting (see Clause 7). An LCA f
43、or a bio-based product shall include the four phases of LCA. LCA requirements and guidelines are provided in EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5. This European Standard provides further guidance on the following, which can be important for bio-based products, due to their biomass origin: geogra
44、phical (see 5.2.2) and temporal scope (see 5.2.3) to be representative for the biomass acquisition phase considering agricultural, forest and aquaculture specificities; allocation procedures (see 5.3) as the production stages typically generates co-products; consideration for resource elementary flo
45、ws (see 5.4.1); data collection and modelling for land use (see 5.4.2), water use (see 5.4.3), and fossil and biogenic carbon flows (see 5.5); modelling of agriculture, forestry and aquaculture systems (see 5.6); and inventory and modelling requirements for bio-based products end-of-life (see 5.6.4)
46、. This series of European Standards focuses on bio-based products for industrial applications; food, feed and energy are excluded from the scope. However the guidelines and requirements for LCA provided in this standard can be applied to any product derived from biomass, irrespective of the applicat
47、ion. 4.3 Goal and Scope of the LCA study 4.3.1 Goal of the LCA study When defining the goal and scope of the LCA study, the requirements of EN ISO 14040:2006, 5.2.1 and EN ISO 14044:2006, 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 shall apply. There is no single solution as to how LCA can best be applied, it will depend on th
48、e goal of the LCA and on each organizations size, its products, the strategy, the internal systems, tools and procedures and the external drivers. BS EN 16760:2015EN 16760:2015 (E) 8 In defining the goal of an LCA, the following items shall be unambiguously stated: the intended application of the st
49、udy; the reasons for carrying out the study; the intended audience, i.e. to whom the results of the study are intended to be communicated; and whether the results are intended to be used in comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public. 4.3.2 Scope of the LCA study 4.3.2.1 General The scope should be sufficiently well defined to ensure that the breadth, depth and detail of the study are compatible and sufficient to address the stated goal. In addition to the definition of the scope of the LCA study in EN ISO 140
