1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 19146:2010Geographic information Cross-domain vocabularies (ISO19146:2010)BS EN ISO 19146:2010 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implemen
2、tation of EN ISO19146:2010.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee IST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisi
3、ons of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 60992 3ICS 35.240.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30
4、November 2010.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 19146 November 2010 ICS 35.240.70 English Version Geographic information - Cross-domain vocabularies (ISO 19146:2010) Information gographique - Vocabulaires interdomaines (ISO
5、19146:2010) Geoinformation - Themenbergreifendes Vokabular (ISO 19146:2010) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 October 2010. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a nation
6、al standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A versi
7、on in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Cz
8、ech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EU
9、ROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 19146:2010: EBS EN ISO 19146:2010EN ISO 19146:2010 (E) 3 Foreword T
10、his document (EN ISO 19146:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211 “Geographic information/Geomatics” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 287 “Geographic Information” the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a nationa
11、l standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights.
12、CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cypru
13、s, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 191
14、46:2010 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 19146:2010 without any modification. BS EN ISO 19146:2010ISO 19146:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Conformance .1 3 Normative references1 4 Terms and definitions .2 5 Symbols and abbreviated term
15、s 6 6 Semantic interoperability of geographic information6 6.1 Introduction6 6.2 Principles for cross-mapping of vocabularies .7 7 Approach8 7.1 Concepts, definitions and terms8 7.2 Concept systems.9 7.3 Domains, uniqueness and cross-mapping.10 8 Vocabulary cross-mapping 11 8.1 Introduction11 8.2 Go
16、vernance12 8.3 Reference vocabulary .12 8.4 Cross-mapping process .13 8.5 Documentation and publication.14 9 Vocabulary register.15 9.1 Overview.15 9.2 Register management.15 9.3 Register schema16 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite 25 Annex B (informative) Cross-mapping examples27 Bibliography3
17、1 BS EN ISO 19146:2010ISO 19146:2010(E) iv ISO 2010 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO techn
18、ical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
19、with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft In
20、ternational Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document
21、may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19146 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. BS EN ISO 19146:2010ISO 19146:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved vIntroduction A common
22、language is an essential prerequisite to effective communication. However, a simple knowledge of a languages vocabulary is insufficient to ensure communication integrity. A word can have several meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Similarly, a concept can be referenced by several
23、words, each communicating a different connotation or level of emphasis. The issues associated with the correct use of language extend far beyond day-to-day communication. Every field of endeavour, from engineering to cookery, has its own technical language and vocabulary. In order to participate in
24、discussions on a subject, it is necessary to understand both the subjects terminology and the context in which it is to be used. The imprecise use of technical or professional language (for example, by using two terms interchangeably when, in fact, they have distinctly different connotations) gives
25、rise to the same traps and dangers associated with the inappropriate use of a spoken language. This International Standard establishes a methodology for cross-mapping technical vocabularies that have been adopted by industry-focussed geospatial communities (for example, geospatial communities suppor
26、ting the transport or utilities industries). The processes relate to the unique identification of concepts and ensuring the existence of monosemic relations between concepts and designations. The methodology aims to ensure the consistent use of cross-mapping processes when associating disparate geos
27、patial vocabularies and identifying synonyms. It is not the objective of this International Standard to define an ontology or taxonomy for geographic information and geomatics. Its purpose is to provide rules for ensuring consistency when implementing cross-mapping processes. The rules, however, hav
28、e been developed with regard to taxonomic and ontological concepts and with a view to enabling semantic interoperability. Their application to vocabulary cross-mapping, therefore, can be expected to provide input to any future ontology/taxonomy initiatives. This International Standard applies the pr
29、ovisions of ISO 19135 to the registration of geospatial concepts. An online register of cross-mapped terminology entries, conforming to the requirements of ISO 19135, is associated with this International Standard. Administrative arrangements for the population and maintenance of the online register
30、 are beyond the scope of this International Standard. However, the provisions of ISO 19135 relating to the maintenance of registers apply. This International Standard adopts terms and concepts that are taken from UML and terminology theory and practice. A cross-mapping between the two terminologies
31、can be found in ISO/TR 24156:2008. BS EN ISO 19146:2010BS EN ISO 19146:2010INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19146:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Cross-domain vocabularies 1 Scope This International Standard defines a methodology for cross-mapping technical vocabularies that h
32、ave been adopted by industry-specific geospatial communities. It also specifies an implementation of ISO 19135 for the registration of geographic information concepts for the purpose of integrating multiple domain-based vocabularies. Methodologies for the development of ontologies and taxonomies tha
33、t relate to geographic information and geomatics are not within the scope of this International Standard. 2 Conformance Any vocabulary cross-mapping that claims conformance to this International Standard shall satisfy all of the conditions specified in the following abstract test suites: a) Annex A
34、of this International Standard, and b) ISO 19135:2005, A.1 and A.2 for conformance to ISO 19135. A vocabulary cross-mapping register established by ISO/TC 211 shall, in addition, satisfy all of the conditions specified in the ISO 19135 abstract test suite for registers established by ISO/TC 211 as s
35、pecified in ISO 19135:2005, A.3. 3 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) ap
36、plies. ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic information Conceptual schema language ISO/TS 19104:2008, Geographic information Terminology ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information Metadata ISO 19135:2005, Geographic information Procedures for item registration BS EN ISO 19146:2010ISO 19146:2010(E) 2 ISO 2010 A
37、ll rights reserved4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 associative concept system concept system based on associative, i.e. thematic or pragmatic, relations NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 12620:1999. NOTE 2 An associative relation exists
38、between the concepts “education” and “teaching”, “baking” and “oven”. 4.2 characteristic abstraction of a property of an object or of a set of objects ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.2.4 NOTE Characteristics are used for describing concepts. 4.3 concept unit of knowledge created by a unique combinatio
39、n of characteristics ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.2.1 NOTE Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular languages. They are, however, influenced by the social or cultural background which often leads to different categorizations. 4.4 concept system system of concepts set of concepts structured
40、according to the relations among them ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.2.11 4.5 cross-mapping comparison of terminology entries from different domains to determine their semantic equivalence 4.6 definition representation of a concept by a descriptive statement which serves to differentiate it from rela
41、ted concepts ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.3.1 4.7 delimiting characteristic essential characteristic used for distinguishing a concept from related concepts ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.2.7 NOTE The delimiting characteristic support for the back may be used for distinguishing the concepts “stool”
42、and “chair”. BS EN ISO 19146:2010ISO 19146:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved 34.8 designation designator representation of a concept by a sign which denotes it ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.4.1 NOTE In terminology work three types of designations are distinguished: symbols, appellations and terms
43、. 4.9 domain general vocabulary distinct area of human knowledge to which a terminological record is assigned NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 12620:1999. NOTE 2 Within a database or other terminology collection, a set of domains will generally be defined. More than one domain can be associated with a given
44、concept. 4.10 domain concept concept that is associated with a specific domain NOTE A concept may be associated with several domains and separately identified as a domain concept in relation to each. 4.11 essential characteristic characteristic which is indispensable to understanding a concept ISO 1
45、087-1:2000, definition 3.2.6 4.12 general concept concept which corresponds to two or more objects which form a group by reason of common properties ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.2.3 NOTE Examples of general concepts are “planet”, “tower”. 4.13 generic concept concept in a generic relation having th
46、e narrower intension ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.2.15 4.14 generic concept system concept system in which concepts that belong to the category of the narrower concept are part of the extension of the broader concept NOTE Adapted from ISO 12620:1999. 4.15 generic relation genus-species relation rel
47、ation between two concepts where the intension of one of the concepts includes that of the other concept and at least one additional delimiting characteristic ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.2.21 NOTE A generic relation exists between the concepts “word” and “pronoun”, “vehicle” and “car”, “person” an
48、d “child”. BS EN ISO 19146:2010ISO 19146:2010(E) 4 ISO 2010 All rights reserved4.16 homonymy relation between designations and concepts in a given language in which one designation represents two or more unrelated concepts ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.4.25 NOTE 1 An example of homonymy is: bark 1 “
49、sound made by a dog” 2 “outside covering of the stem of woody plants” 3 “sailing vessel” NOTE 2 The designations in the relation of homonymy are called homonyms. 4.17 intension set of characteristics which makes up the concept ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.2.9 4.18 monosemy relation between designations and concepts in a given language in which one designation only relates to one concept ISO 1087-1:2000, definition 3.4.23 NOTE The designations in the relation of monosemy are called monosemes. 4.19 partitive relat
