1、BSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 19156:2013Geographic information Observations andmeasurements (ISO19156:2011)BS EN ISO 19156:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO19156:2013. It is identical to ISO 19156:2011.The UK participation in its prep
2、aration was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee IST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapp
3、lication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 66822 7ICS 35.240.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Commi
4、ttee on 31 August 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 19156 July 2013 ICS 35.240.70 English Version Geographic information - Observations and measurements (ISO 19156:2011) Information gographique - Observations et mesures
5、 (ISO 19156:2011) Geoinformation - Erdbeobachtung und Erdmessung (ISO 19156:2011) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 July 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a nat
6、ional standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A ve
7、rsion in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
8、 Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdo
9、m. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 19156:2013: EBS E
10、N ISO 19156:2013EN ISO 19156:2013 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO 19156:2011 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211 “Geographic information/Geomatics” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 19156:2013 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 28
11、7 “Geographic Information” the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the lates
12、t by January 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national sta
13、ndards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
14、Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 19156:2011 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19156:2013 without any modification. BS EN ISO 19156:2013ISO 19156:2011(E
15、) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Conformance 12.1 Overview 12.2 Conformance classes related to Application Schemas including Observations and Measurements 13 Normative references .24 Terms and definitions .35 Abbreviated terms and notation 55.1 Abbre
16、viated terms .55.2 Schema language 55.3 Model element names 66 Dependencies .67 Fundamental characteristics of observations .67.1 The context for observations .67.2 Observation schema .87.3 Use of the observation model 158 Specialized observations 158.1 Classification of observation by result type 1
17、58.2 Observations whose result is constant .168.3 Observations whose result varies 179 Fundamental characteristics of sampling features .199.1 The context for sampling 199.2 Sampling Schema .2010 Spatial sampling features .2410.1 The context for spatial sampling features 2410.2 Spatial sampling feat
18、ure schema 2410.3 Decomposition of extensive sampling features for observations .2610.4 Common names for sampling features (informative) 2611 Specimens .2711.1 The context for specimens .2711.2 Specimen schema .27Annex A (normative) Abstract Test Suite .30Annex B (informative) Mapping O various soft
19、ware systems define implementation classes or data structures. All of these reference the same information content. The same name may be used in implementations as in the model, so that types defined in the UML model may be used directly in application schemas.Annex A defines a set of conformance te
20、sts that will support applications whose requirements range from the minimum necessary to define data structures to full object implementation.2.2 Conformance classes related to Application Schemas including Observations and MeasurementsThe conformance rules for Application Schemas in general are de
21、scribed in ISO 19109:2005. Application Schemas also claiming conformance to this International Standard shall also conform to the rules specified in Clauses 7 to 11 and pass all relevant test cases of the Abstract Test Suite in Annex A.Depending on the characteristics of an Application Schema, 18 co
22、nformance classes are distinguished. Table 1 lists these classes and the corresponding subclause of the Abstract Test Suite. ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 19156:2013Table 1 Conformance classes related to Application Schemas including Observations and MeasurementsConformance class Subclause
23、Generic observation interchange A.1.1Measurement interchange A.1.1, A.1.2Category observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.3Count observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.4Truth observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.5Temporal observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.6Geometry observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.7Complex
24、observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.8Discrete coverage observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.9Point coverage observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.10Time series observation interchange A.1.1, A.1.11Sampling feature interchange A.2.1, A.2.2Spatial sampling feature interchange A.2.1 to A.2.3Sampling point in
25、terchange A.2.1 to A.2.4Sampling curve interchange A.2.1 to A.2.3, A.2.5Sampling surface interchange A.2.1 to A.2.3, A.2.6Sampling solid interchange A.2.1 to A.2.3, A.2.7Specimen interchange A.2.1 to A.2.3, A.2.83 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the appli
26、cation of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 19101:2002, Geographic information Reference modelISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic information Conceptual schema la
27、nguageISO 19107:2003, Geographic information Spatial schemaISO 19108:2002, Geographic information Temporal schemaISO 19109:2005, Geographic information Rules for application schemaISO 19111:2007, Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinatesISO 19115:2003, Geographic information Metadata
28、ISO 19115:2003/Cor.1:2006, Geographic information Metadata Technical Corrigendum 1ISO 19123:2005, Geographic information Schema for coverage geometry and functionsISO 19136:2007, Geographic information Geography Markup Language (GML)ISO/IEC 19501:2005, Information technology Open Distributed Process
29、ing Unified Modeling Language (UML) Version 1.4.2ISO 19157:1), Geographic information Data quality1) To be published.ISO 19156:2011(E)2 ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 19156:20134 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.4.1application s
30、chemaconceptual schema for data required by one or more applicationsISO 19101:2002, definition 4.24.2coveragefeature that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domainISO 19123:2005, definition 4.174.3data typespecifi
31、cation of a value domain with operations allowed on values in this domainISO/TS 19103:2005, definition 4.1.5EXAMPLE Integer, Real, Boolean, String, Date (conversion of a date into a series of codes).NOTE Data types include primitive predefined types and user-definable types. All instances of a data
32、type lack identity.4.4domain featurefeature of a type defined within a particular application domainNOTE This may be contrasted with observations and sampling features, which are features of types defined for cross-domain purposes.4.5ex-situreferring to the study, maintenance or conservation of a sp
33、ecimen or population away from its natural surroundingsNOTE Opposite of in-situ.4.6featureabstraction of real-world phenomenaISO 19101:2002, definition 4.11NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. In this International Standard, feature instance is meant unless otherwise specified.4.7featu
34、re typeclass of features having common characteristics4.8measurandparticular quantity subject to measurementISO/TS 19138:2006, definition 4.5NOTE Specialization of observable property type.ISO 19156:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 19156:20134.9measurevalue described using a numeric a
35、mount with a scale or using a scalar reference systemISO 19136:2007, definition 4.1.414.10measurementset of operations having the object of determining the value of a quantityISO/TS 19101-2:2008, definition 4.204.11observationact of measuring or otherwise determining the value of a property4.12obser
36、vation proceduremethod, algorithm or instrument, or system of these, which may be used in making an observation4.13observation protocolcombination of a sampling strategy and an observation procedure used in making an observation4.14observation resultestimate of the value of a property determined thr
37、ough a known observation procedure4.15propertyfacet or attribute of an object referenced by a nameISO 19143:2010, definition 4.21EXAMPLE Abbys car has the colour red, where “colour red” is a property of the car.4.16property typecharacteristic of a feature typeEXAMPLE Cars (a feature type) all have a
38、 characteristic colour, where “colour” is a property type.NOTE 1 The value for an instance of an observable property type can be estimated through an act of observation.NOTE 2 In chemistry-related applications, the term “determinand” or “analyte” is often used.NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 19109:2005.4.17
39、sampling featurefeature which is involved in making observations concerning a domain featureEXAMPLE Station, transect, section or specimen.NOTE A sampling feature is an artefact of the observational strategy, and has no significance independent of the observational campaign.ISO 19156:2011(E)4 ISO 20
40、11 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 19156:20134.18valueelement of a type domainISO/IEC 19501:2005NOTE 1 A value considers a possible state of an object within a class or type (domain).NOTE 2 A data value is an instance of a datatype, a value without identity.NOTE 3 A value can use one of a variety of sc
41、ales including nominal, ordinal, ratio and interval, spatial and temporal. Primitive datatypes can be combined to form aggregate datatypes with aggregate values, including vectors, tensors and images.5 Abbreviated terms and notation5.1 Abbreviated termsGFM General Feature ModelGML Geography Markup L
42、anguageO in feature-detection applications the initial observation may be made on a scene, but the entity to be detected, which is the ultimate feature-of-interest, occupies some location within it. The distinction between the proximate and ultimate feature-of-interest is a key consideration in thes
43、e cases.Other locations appear in various scenarios. Sub-sampling at locations within the feature-of-interest may occur. The procedure may involve a sensor located remotely from the ultimate feature-of-interest (e.g. remote sensing; or where specimens are removed from their sampling location and obs
44、ervations made ex-situ). Furthermore, the location of the feature-of-interest may be time-dependent.The model is generic. The geospatial location of the feature-of-interest may be of little or no interest for some observations (e.g. live specimens, observations made on non-located things like chemic
45、al species).For these reasons, a generic Observation class does not have an inherent location property. Relevant location information should be provided by the feature-of-interest, or by the observation procedure, according to the specific scenario.NOTE In contrast to spatial properties, some tempor
46、al properties are associated directly with an observation (7.2.2.2; 7.2.2.3). This is a consequence of the fact that an observation is a kind of event so its temporal characteristics are fundamental, rather than incidental.ISO 19156:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 7BS EN ISO 19156:20137.1.5 Res
47、ult typesObservation results may have many datatypes, including primitive types like category or measure, but also more complex types such as time, location and geometry. Complex results are obtained when the observed property requires multiple components for its encoding. Furthermore, if the proper
48、ty varies on the feature-of-interest, then the result is a coverage, whose domain extent is the extent of the feature. In a physical realization, the result will typically be sampled discretely on the domain, and may be represented as a discrete coverage.The result type may be used as a basis for de
49、fining specialized observation types.7.1.6 MeasurementsIn conventional measurement theory (e.g.15101119) the term “measurement” is used. However, a distinction between measurement and category-observation has been adopted in more recent work21221so the term “observation” is used here for the general concept. “Measurement” may be reserved for cases where the result is a numerical quantity.7.2 Observation schema7.2.1 PackagingThe observation schema is organized in one package containing eleven le
