1、BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 12637-1:2006Graphic technology Vocabulary Part 1: Fundamental termsICS 01.040.37; 37.100.01g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43
2、g55g3g47g36g58BS ISO 12637-1:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 15 February 2006 BSI 15 February 2006ISBN 0 580 47828 9National forewordThis British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 12637-1:2006 and implements it as the UK na
3、tional standard.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PAI/43, Graphic technology, which has the responsibility to:A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which imple
4、ment international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport
5、 to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee a
6、ny enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank
7、page, pages 1 to 9 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsReference numberISO 12637-1:2006(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO12637-1First edition2006-02-01Graphic technology V
8、ocabulary Part 1: Fundamental terms Technologie graphique Vocabulaire Partie 1: Termes fondamentaux BS ISO 12637-1:2006ii iiiForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Internation
9、al Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO,
10、 also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical comm
11、ittees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the p
12、ossibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 12637-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 130, Graphic technology. ISO 12637 consists of the following parts, under
13、 the general title Graphic technology Vocabulary: Part 1: Fundamental terms Part 5: Screen printing terms The following parts are under preparation: Part 2: Prepress terms Part 3: Printing terms Part 4: Postpress terms BS ISO 12637-1:2006iv Introduction Documentation gives rise to numerous internati
14、onal exchanges of both intellectual and material nature. These exchanges often become difficult, either because of the great variety of terms used in various fields or languages to express the same concept, or because of the absence of, or the imprecision of, useful concepts. To avoid misunderstandi
15、ngs due to this situation and to facilitate such exchanges, it is advisable to select terms to be used in various languages or in various countries to express the same concept, and to establish definitions providing satisfactory equivalents for the various terms in different languages. The purpose o
16、f this part of ISO 12637 is to provide definitions in English that are rigorous, uncomplicated and which can be understood by all concerned. The scope of each concept defined has been chosen to provide a definition that is suitable for general application within graphic technology. Graphic technolog
17、y includes the processes of design through the final printed product. In those circumstances, where a restricted application is concerned, the definition may need to be more specific. Additional definitions are included where necessary to exemplify the terms shown in Figure 1. The intention of this
18、part of ISO 12637 is to define fundamental terminology due to the enormous changes brought about by digital processes/methods within the graphic field. Present technology is addressed to traditional printing systems and processes while the model proposed in the following pages contemplates the pecul
19、iarities of the new technologies as well. Graphic technology has been divided into three workflow stages: prepress, printing and postpress. In prepress, analog and digital technologies begin with original design concepts and end up with the preparation of image carriers that can be validated by proo
20、fing. The distinction between reprographic and printed copies of original images, based mainly on qualitative criteria, has been substituted by the presumption that all graphic original reproduction methods can be considered printing processes. With a view to creating a structure that can include al
21、l present graphic systems and processes/methods and adapt itself to the needs of future technologies, without becoming rapidly obsolete, ISO 12637 separated printing systems into three groups according to the techniques employed in each and every one and established parameters so as to determine the
22、 relationships of the various processes/methods to their respective systems. The first group, called “forme-based printing technology”, includes the so called traditional or conventional processes/methods that use inked formes to reproduce original images onto substrates. The second group, called “f
23、ormeless printing technology”, dispenses with those specific image carriers and uses ink-jet, thermal-transfer and electrographic systems to reproduce original images onto substrates. The third group, named “inkless printing technology”, does away with image carriers and printing inks and employs sp
24、ecially prepared substrates and chemical or physical reactions produced by various ways of applied energy to reproduce original images on their surface. In the postpress stage of this part of ISO 12637, finishing is considered a technology, whose systems are responsible for the general surface prope
25、rties of blank and printed substrates and their definite sizes. Converting is viewed as a technology whose systems are capable of transforming the purely physical form of blank and printed substrates into consumer products. The fundamental terms deal specifically with the workflow stages of graphic
26、technology and its final product, hard-copy printed matter. Digital processes/methods and virtual images are considered only as intermediate by-products. BS ISO 12637-1:2006vFigure 1 Structure of fundamental terms BS ISO 12637-1:2006blank1Graphic technology Vocabulary Part 1: Fundamental terms Scope
27、 This part of ISO 12637 defines a set of fundamental terms that can be used in the drafting of other International Standards for graphic technology. In order to facilitate their translation into other languages, the definitions are worded so as to avoid, where possible, any peculiarity attached to o
28、ne language. The entries in this part of ISO 12637 are arranged alphabetically. Terms and definitions 1 analog technology representation, transmission and reproduction of visual data in unbroken succession, such as in continuous-tone art, films and photographic images NOTE In common practice, analog
29、 processes (sometimes called conventional processes) are differentiated from digital methods, as their original images are computed and written only once to produce reuseable physical carriers in forme-based printing technology. 2 assembly analog prepress process used to join photographic negatives
30、or positives of individual image elements into film flats following layout and imposition directives to reproduce images in forme-based printing technology 3 assembly digital prepress process used to place all original texts and illustrative material in their proper position according to layout dire
31、ctives, within a digital page file to reproduce images by forme-based, formeless, and inkless printing technologies 4 computer to electronic media process in which computers store original image data for reproduction onto any kind of substrate 5 computer to forme process in which computers interface
32、 with printing formes to reproduce original images onto substrates 6 computer to image carrier process in which computers interface with image carriers to reproduce original images onto substrates 7 computer to substrate process in which computers interface with substrates to reproduce original imag
33、es onto their surfaces BS ISO 12637-1:20062 8 continuous ink-jet printing formeless process using high-frequency vibrations to break up a stream of liquid ink into electrostatically charged droplets deflected and positioned by electric fields controlled by digital data, to reproduce images directly
34、onto a substrate 9 converting technology using systems including die-cutting, gluing, binding and other methods, to create consumer products other than plain blank or printed substrates 10 design concept prepress process used to convert a visual message addressed to a target audience into an origina
35、l, following briefing directives and the requirements of graphic production 11 diazo printing inkless photochemical process using substrates, coated with non-silver light sensitive compounds, and exposed by ultraviolet illumination through transparencies of image areas, that are developed either by
36、heat or by ammonia vapours 12 digital technology representation, transmission and reproduction of visual data in discrete steps, such as in half-tone art, films and photographic images NOTE In common practice, digital processes are differentiated from analog methods as the number of times their orig
37、inal images are computed and rewritten is identical with the number of their printed copies, reproduced in forme-based, formeless, and inkless technologies. 13 direct printing image transfer from an image carrier to a substrate 14 distributing technology using systems used to label, wrap and transfe
38、r printed products to their destination, employing on-line or off-line processes 15 drop-on-demand printing formeless process using mechanisms controlled by digital data, to expel only the ink droplets required to reproduce image areas onto a substrate 16 elcographic printing formeless process that
39、uses an electrolytic mechanism controlled by digital data, to coagulate polymeric inks and develop original images on a cylinder that transfers them onto substrates by cold pressure 17 electrochemical printing system using chemical reactions induced by electrical energy controlled by digital data, t
40、o reproduce images from digital data onto specially coated substrates using processes such as spark discharge printing 18 electronic engraving process that uses optical or mechanical means to generate image and non-image areas onto relief or recess printing formes BS ISO 12637-1:2006319 electrophoto
41、graphic printing formeless process using photoconductive, electrostatically charged image carriers where the latent image (based on either analog or digital data) is created by exposure, made visible by the use of electrophotographic ink, transferred and fused onto a substrate 20 electrostatic print
42、ing system employing electrostatically charged image carriers or specially coated substrates to reproduce images in latent form made visible by the use of electrographic ink using processes such as electrophotographic, ion deposition or magnetographic printing 21 file transmission information transf
43、er using various methods to move digital data between locations 22 finishing technology using systems including cutting, trimming, embossing and other methods to create, enhance and preserve tactile and visual surface qualities of blank and printed substrates and to determine their form and dimensio
44、ns 23 flexographic printing forme-based process/method using flexible relief formes where the raised inked areas reproduce images onto a substrate with either high or low viscosity solvent-based or water-based inks 24 forme physical image carrier of a forme-based printing process, capable of reprodu
45、cing only the image areas of the original to which it was initially exposed NOTE Examples of formes are gravure image cylinders, lithographic plates and screen stencils. 25 forme-based printing technology employed in the reproduction of originals whose inked images are transferred directly or indire
46、ctly from formes onto a substrate using relief, planographic, recess or permeographic systems 26 formeless printing technology employed in the reproduction of originals whose inked images are transferred directly, or indirectly onto a substrate without the necessity of printing formes using systems,
47、 such as ink-jet, thermal-transfer and electrostatic printing 27 forme making prepress workflow stage for the production of printing formes specific to each printing process, nature of original images to be reproduced, type of presses, ink properties and substrate quality as well as pressrun lengths
48、 NOTE Forme imaging can be processed by various technologies, using either conventional photomechanical or electronic page information or combinations of both. 28 graphic production branch of industrial technology that deals with the production of graphic products and consumer goods BS ISO 12637-1:2
49、0064 29 graphic technology application of technologies, systems and processes or methods to carry through the prepress, printing and postpress stages of workflow for the production of printed matter NOTE Graphic technology replaces the former term graphic arts. 30 gravure printing forme-based process using formes which are plated cylinders or wraparound plates where the image areas are recessed below the non-image areas producing microscopic cells from which ink is transferred directly to a substrate NOTE Gravure printing is an intaglio process where the ce
