1、BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06 Rolling bearings Damage and failures Terms, characteristics and causes BS ISO 15243:2017 ISO 2017 Rolling bearings Damage and failures Terms, characteristics and causes Roulements Dtrioration et dfaillance Termes, car
2、actristiques et causes INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15243 Second edition 2017-03 Reference number ISO 15243:2017(E) National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 15243:2017. It supersedes BS ISO 15243:2004, which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entru
3、sted to Technical Committee MCE/7, Rolling bearings. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The Brit
4、ish Standards Institution 2017 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017 ISBN 978 0 580 83499 8 ICS 21.100.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 M
5、ay 2017. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affected BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15243:2017 ISO 2017 Rolling bearings Damage and failures Terms, characteristics and causes Roulements Dtrioration et dfaillance Termes, caractristiques et causes INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15243 Second
6、edition 2017-03 Reference number ISO 15243:2017(E) BS ISO 15243:2017 ISO 15243:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise i
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8、 Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org BS ISO 15243:2017 ISO 15243:2017(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Classification of failur e modes oc curr
9、ing in r olling bearings . 2 5 Failure modes 3 5.1 Rolling contact fatigue 3 5.1.1 General description of rolling contact fatigue 3 5.1.2 Subsurface initiated fatigue 4 5.1.3 Surface initiated fatigue . 4 5.2 Wear . 6 5.2.1 General description of wear . 6 5.2.2 Abrasive wear . 6 5.2.3 Adhesive wear
10、7 5.3 Corrosion . 9 5.3.1 General description of corrosion . 9 5.3.2 Moisture corrosion. 9 5.3.3 Frictional corrosion 10 5.4 Electrical erosion .12 5.4.1 General description of electrical erosion .12 5.4.2 Excessive current erosion .12 5.4.3 Current leakage erosion .13 5.5 Plastic deformation 14 5.5
11、.1 General description of plastic deformation .14 5.5.2 Overload deformation 14 5.5.3 Indentations from particles .16 5.6 Cracking and fracture .17 5.6.1 General description of cracking and fracture .17 5.6.2 Forced fracture .17 5.6.3 Fatigue fracture 18 5.6.4 Thermal cracking 19 Annex A (informativ
12、e) Failure analysis Illustrations of damage Other investigations Explanation of terms used20 Bibliography .53 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iii Contents Page BS ISO 15243:2017 ISO 15243:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national sta
13、ndards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International or
14、ganizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for i
15、ts further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org
16、/ directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be
17、 in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and express
18、ions related to conformit y assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 4, Rolling
19、 bearings. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 15243:2004), which has been technically revised.iv ISO 2017 All rights reserved BS ISO 15243:2017 ISO 15243:2017(E) Introduction In practice, damage and/or failure of a rolling bearing can often be the result of several mecha
20、nisms operating simultaneously. The failure can result from improper transport, handling, mounting or maintenance or from faulty manufacture of the bearing or its adjacent parts. In some instances, failure is due to a design compromise made in the interests of economy or from unforeseen operating an
21、d environmental conditions. It is the complex combination of design, manufacture, mounting, operation and maintenance that often causes difficulty in establishing the root cause of failure. NOTE Be aware that counterfeit bearings are circulated in the market. They might look as original bearings, bu
22、t their use often lead to very early damage or failure. In the event of extensive damage to or catastrophic failure of the bearing, the evidence is likely to be lost and it will then be impossible to identify the root cause of failure. It is therefore important to stop equipment in time to enable ap
23、propriate bearing damage analysis (see Figure 1). In all cases, knowledge of the actual operating conditions of the assembly and the maintenance history is of utmost importance. NOTE The spall started just behind the dent in the raceway a). Over a period of time, the spalling becomes more severe b)
24、and c). If not stopped in time, the proof of the root cause disappears d). Figure 1 Progression of bearing damage The classification of bearing failure established in this document is based primarily upon the features visible on rolling contact surfaces and other functional surfaces. Consideration o
25、f each feature is required for reliable determination of the root cause of bearing failure. Since more than one failure mechanism may cause similar effects to these surfaces, a description of appearance alone is often inadequate for determining the cause of the failure. In such cases, the operating
26、conditions need to be considered. In some cases, the analysed damage is too advanced, and can be originated from different primary causes. In these cases, it is interesting to look for simultaneous presence of indications to determine the primary cause of the failure. This document covers rolling be
27、arings having steel rings and rolling elements. Damage to the rings of bearings with ceramic rolling elements shows similar failure modes. In this document, bearing life is as described in ISO 281 1 , which provides formulae to calculate bearing life taking a number of factors into consideration, su
28、ch as bearing load carrying capacity, bearing load, type of bearing, material, bearing fatigue load limit, lubrication conditions and degree of contamination. ISO 2017 All rights reserved v BS ISO 15243:2017BS ISO 15243:2017 Rolling bearings Damage and failures Terms, characteristics and causes 1 Sc
29、ope This document classifies different modes of failure occurring in service for rolling bearings made of standard bearing steels. For each failure mode, it defines and describes the characteristics, appearance and possible root causes of failure. It will assist in the identification of failure mode
30、s based on appearance. For the purposes of this document, the following terms are explained: failure of a rolling bearing: the result of a damage that prevents the bearing meeting the intended design performance or marks the end of service life; in service: as soon as the bearing has left the manufa
31、cturers factory; visible features: those that are possible to observe directly or with magnifiers or optical microscopes, also those from pictures, but only with the use of non-destructive methods. Consideration is restricted to characteristic forms of change in appearance and failure that have well
32、- defined appearance and which can be attributed to particular causes with a high degree of certainty. The features of particular interest for explaining changes and failures are described. The various forms are illustrated with photographs and the most frequent causes are indicated. If the root cau
33、se cannot be reliably assessed by the examination and characterization of visual features against the information in this document, then additional investigations are to be considered. These methods are summarized in A.3 and may involve, for example, the use of invasive methods possibly including ta
34、king of cross sections, metallurgical structural analysis by visual and electronic microscopes, chemical and spectrographic analysis. These specialized methods are outside the scope of this document. The failure mode terms shown in the subclause titles are recommended for general use. Where appropri
35、ate, alternative expressions or synonyms used to describe the submodes are given and explained in A.4. Examples of rolling bearing failures are given in A.2, together with a description of the causes of failure and proposed corrective actions. 2 Normative references The following documents are refer
36、red to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 5593, Rolling bearings Voc
37、abulary 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5593 and the following apply. NOTE Explanations for terms for damage and failures are listed in A.4. INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 15243:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1 BS ISO 15243:2017
38、 ISO 15243:2017(E) ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp 3.1 characteristics visual appearance tha
39、t results from service performance Note 1 to entry: Surface defects and types of geometrical change are defined in ISO 8785 3and partly in ISO 6601 2(related to abrasive wear). 3.2 damage any visible deterioration of the bearing operating surfaces or structures 3.3 event sequences sequence of events
40、 leading to bearing failure (3.4) starting with initial damage (3.2) to the bearing Note 1 to entry: At an early stage, this damage can result in loss of function or failure. In many cases, however, the initial damage does not result in failure and the bearing continues to operate. This continued op
41、eration most often leads to secondary damage which eventually results in failure. Secondary damage can introduce competing modes of failure, which can make root cause analysis difficult. 3.4 failure any condition where the bearing can no longer deliver its designed function Note 1 to entry: This wil
42、l include degradation of important rotational properties and warning of imminent more extensive or complete failure, but may not be so advanced as to prevent rotation or support of the subject machine elements. Note 2 to entry: The extent of damage (3.2) required to cause a declaration of operationa
43、l failure will depend on the application. Applications requiring accurate smooth rotation will tolerate only very minor loss of properties. Applications not sensitive to increased vibration, increased noise or reduced rotational accuracy may be able to continue to deliver their performance for a res
44、tricted period. 3.5 failure mode manner in which a bearing fails 4 Classific ation of fa ilur e modes oc curring in r olling bearings Preferably, one would classify rolling bearing damage and failures according to the root cause. However, it is often not easy to distinguish between causes and charac
45、teristics (symptoms) or, in other words, between failure mechanisms and failure modes. The large number of articles and books written on the subject confirms this (see Bibliography). Therefore, in this document, failure modes are classified in six main groups and various sub-groups (see Figure 2), b
46、ased on their visible distinctive characteristic appearance in service.2 ISO 2017 All rights reserved BS ISO 15243:2017 ISO 15243:2017(E) F i g u r e 2 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f f a i l u r e m o d e s 5 Failure modes 5.1 Rolling contact fatigue 5.1.1 General description of rolling contact fat
47、igue Rolling contact fatigue is caused by the repeated stresses developed in the contacts between the rolling elements and the raceways. Fatigue is manifested visibly as a change in the structure (microstructure) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 3 BS ISO 15243:2017 ISO 15243:2017(E) and as spalling of m
48、aterial from the surface (macrostructure) that, in most of the cases, could be consequential to a change in microstructure. NOTE Spalling and flaking are synonyms (see A.4). 5.1.2 Subsurface initiated fatigue Under the influence of cyclic loading in the rolling contacts described by the Hertzian the
49、ory, stresses and material structural changes occur and microcracks are initiated at a location and depth which depend on the applied load, the operating temperature, the material and its cleanliness and microstructure. The initiation of the microcracks is often caused by inclusions in the bearing steel. The changes might appear at metallurgical investigation (see A.3). These cracks propagate and when they come to the surface, spalling occurs (see Figures 3 and 4). Figure 3 Initial subs
