1、BS ISO 17851:2016Space systems Spaceenvironment simulation formaterial tests Generalprinciples and criteriaBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO 17851:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 17851:2
2、016.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee ACE/68, Space systems and operations.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract
3、. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 82723 5ICS 49.140Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of
4、 theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 17851:2016 ISO 2016Space systems Space environment simulation for material tests General principles and criteriaSystmes spatiaux Simulation de lenvironnem
5、ent spatial pour les essais de matriaux Principes gnraux et critresINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO17851First edition2016-09-01Reference numberISO 17851:2016(E)BS ISO 17851:2016ISO 17851:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved
6、. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at
7、 the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 17851:2016ISO 17851:2016(E)Foreword vIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Normati
8、ve references 13 Terms and definitions . 23.1 Terms related to regions in space . 23.2 Terms related to orbits . 23.3 Terms related to space environment factors affecting spacecrafts . 33.4 Terms related to penetration depth of affecting space factors 33.5 Terms related to physical and chemical mech
9、anisms of space environment effects on materials . 44 Abbreviated terms and symbols 44.1 Abbreviated terms . 44.2 Symbols . 55 Choice of sets of space environment components for typical orbits and regions of space . 55.1 LEO, including polar (Sun synchronous) orbits . 55.2 MEO. 55.3 GSO/GEO 65.4 Int
10、erplanetary space 65.5 Moon 65.6 Mars 65.7 Jupiter . 75.8 Mercury . 75.9 Venus . 76 General processes for simulation of space environment impact on materials . 76.1 Processes for simulation. 76.1.1 LEO including polar orbits 76.1.2 MEO . 86.1.3 GSO/GEO . 86.1.4 Interplanetary space 86.1.5 Near-Moon
11、space and on the Moon surface . 86.1.6 Near-Mars space and on the Martian surface . 96.1.7 Near-Jupiter space 96.1.8 Near-Mercury and on its surface . 96.1.9 Near-Venus space and on the Venusian surface 96.2 Setting a problem of simulation of space environment on spacecraft materials 96.3 Principles
12、 of ground-based tests 106.4 Requirements to physical and mathematical models .116.5 Choice of parameters of laboratory facilities . 127 General criteria of material resistance to space environment 137.1 General regulations on testing materials to space environment 137.2 Functional purpose of spacec
13、raft materials . 147.3 UV tests . 147.3.1 Degradation mechanism 147.3.2 UV sensitive materials 147.3.3 Limitations of ground test 147.3.4 Typical test apparatus 157.3.5 Reference test standards 157.4 VUV tests . 157.4.1 Degradation mechanism 157.4.2 VUV sensitive materials 157.4.3 Limitations of gro
14、und test 15 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 17851:2016ISO 17851:2016(E)7.4.4 Typical test apparatus 157.4.5 Reference test standards 157.5 AO tests . 157.5.1 Degradation mechanism 157.5.2 AO sensitive materials 167.5.3 Limitations of ground test 167.5.4 Typical test apparatus 167
15、.5.5 Reference test standards 167.6 Outgassing tests 167.6.1 Degradation mechanism 167.6.2 Thermal vacuum sensitive materials 177.6.3 Limitations of ground test 177.6.4 Typical test apparatus 177.6.5 Reference test standards 177.7 Thermal cycling tests 177.7.1 Degradation mechanism 177.7.2 Thermal c
16、ycling sensitive materials .177.7.3 Limitations of ground test 187.7.4 Typical test apparatus 187.7.5 Reference test standards 187.8 Radiation tests 187.8.1 Degradation mechanism 187.8.2 Radiation sensitive materials . 197.8.3 Limitations of ground test 197.8.4 Typical test apparatus 197.8.5 Referen
17、ce test standards 197.9 Micrometeoroid tests . 197.9.1 Degradation mechanism 197.9.2 Hypervelocity impact sensitive materials .197.9.3 Limitations of ground test 207.9.4 Typical test apparatus 207.9.5 Reference test standards 208 Recommendations for simulating action of space environment on material
18、s .209 Outlook for usage of this International Standard .20Annex A (informative) Space environment factors, their main parameters and effects .21Annex B (informative) Mathematical models for research of spacecraft/environment interaction .23Bibliography .24iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 17851
19、:2016ISO 17851:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a
20、subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
21、 (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should
22、be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi
23、fying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenien
24、ce of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the f
25、ollowing URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 17851:2016ISO 17851:2016(E)IntroductionIn outer space environment, spacecraft mate
26、rials are subjected to various factors that may cause damage and deterioration of their service properties. In addition, there are several objective reasons to require improvements in the forecasting of spacecraft material durability in relation to outer space environment impact. The most important
27、reasons are the following: increase of spacecraft lifetime; development of new spacecraft designs (non-hermetic spacecraft, microsatellites, etc.); application of new materials, including nanomaterials; complexity and sensitivity improvement of spacecraft on-board equipment; development of new orbit
28、s in the near-Earth space; implementation of new space projects (manned flight to Mars, building of manned bases on the Moon, etc.).Material durability forecast in relation to space environment impact is based on results of ground tests and mathematical modelling of processes of space environment ef
29、fects on materials and on-board experiments. For high-precision forecasts, it is necessary to choose correctly the set of space environment components which affect a spacecraft in various space regions, and to define their characteristics authentically, to select the principle and minor physical and
30、 chemical processes causing the material degradation under the space environment impact, including possible synergistic effects, to define the requirements to conditions of the ground-based material tests and to applied physical and mathematical models, to define the criteria for structural and func
31、tional material durability to the space environment impact, and to select the correct methods of material durability forecasting for different spacecraft lifetimes in various space regions.This International Standard considers the items above as a unified system. It does not detail specific question
32、s but only determines general principles and criteria for space environment simulation during material tests. Thus, this International Standard does not replace existing International Standards on specific types of space material tests. The basic purpose of this International Standard is to describe
33、 the general test methodologies using the most correct and full initial data on the space environment. Development of a general methodology will determine the role of each existing International Standard on space materials tests more precisely, help understand how existing International Standards pr
34、ovide the general system of space materials tests, and determine tests types for which development of new International Standards is necessary.vi ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 17851:2016Space systems Space environment simulation for material tests General principles and criteria1 ScopeThis Inte
35、rnational Standard provides a general description of the whole set of space environment components which affect spacecrafts in various outer space regions, and the physical and chemical processes causing material degradation in a space environment, including synergistic effects. This International S
36、tandard defines the most important general principles and criteria of space environment simulation during material tests, and formulates the general requirements to laboratory test facilities and to physical and mathematical models that are applied to the research of the space environment impact on
37、materials. The basic purpose of this International Standard is to provide a general description of the methodology in selecting a set of space environment components and their characteristics during spacecraft material tests, and determine general principles and criteria for the tests.Additionally,
38、such methodology will help in the understanding of the degree of coverage of space materials tests with existing International Standards on the specific test types, and help define the actual directions in developing new International Standards.This International Standard can be applied as a referen
39、ce document in designing spacecrafts, forecasting spacecraft lifetime, conducting ground-based tests, and analyzing changes in material properties during operation.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable fo
40、r its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 11227, Space systems Test procedure to evaluate spacecraft material eject upon hypervelocity impactISO 15856, Space sy
41、stems Space environment Simulation guidelines for radiation exposure of non-metallic materialsECSS-Q-ST-70-02C, Thermal vacuum outgassing test for the screening of space materialsECSS-Q-ST-70-04C, Thermal testing for the evaluation of space materials, processes, mechanical parts and assembliesECSS-Q
42、-ST-70-06C, Particle and UV radiation testing for space materialsIEC 600682-14, Environmental testing Part 2-14: Tests Test N: Change of temperatureASTM E512, Standard practice for combined, simulated space environment testing of thermal control materials with electromagnetic and particulate radiati
43、onASTM E595, Standard test method for total mass loss and collected volatile condensable materials from outgassing in a vacuum environmentASTM E1559, Standard Test Method for Contamination Outgassing Characteristics of Spacecraft MaterialsASTM E208900, Standard practices for ground laboratory atomic
44、 oxygen interaction evaluation of materials for space applicationsINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17851:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 17851:2016ISO 17851:2016(E)JERG-2-143, Design standard Space environment effect mitigationGOST R 50109, Nonmetallic materials test method for mass loss and
45、content of volatile condencable substances under vacuum-thermal effectMIL-STD-202107, Test method standard for electronic and electrical component parts Test method 107: Thermal shock3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.NOTE Common terms
46、 are defined according to ISO 10795.3.1 Terms related to regions in space3.1.1near-Earth spaceregion of space limited by sphere with radius equal to the average distance from the Moon to the Earth (380 000 km)3.1.2Earths magnetosphereregion of the near-Earth space occupied by the Earths magnetic fie
47、ld where physical conditions are determined by its interaction with solar wind3.1.3Earths ionosphereregion of the Earths atmosphere at 50 km to 1 500 km height containing partially ionized cold plasma3.1.4interplanetary spaceregion of space limited by sphere with radius equal to average distance of
48、the most remote from the Sun planet3.2 Terms related to orbits3.2.1low Earth Orbitsorbits with altitude up to 2 000 km3.2.2low polar (Sun synchronous) orbitsorbits with the altitude of 600 km to 800 km and the inclination of 85 to 973.2.3mid-Earth orbitsintermediate circular orbits with an altitude
49、h = 2 000 km to 36 000 km: GPS orbit h = 20 200 km, inclination (i) = 55 GLONASS orbit h = 19 100 km, i = 64,8 GALILEO orbit h = 23 222 km, i = 56 BeiDou orbit h = 21 528 km, I = 552 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 17851:2016ISO 17851:2016(E)3.2.4geosynchronous orbitorbit around the Earth with an orbital period of one sidereal day, matching the Earths sidereal rotation period3.2.5geostationary orbitcircular orbit with the altitude of 36 000 km in the Earths equatorial plane. Geostatio
