1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18943:2014Imaging materials Magnetichard drives used for imagestorage Care and handlingBS ISO 18943:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18943:2014. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technic
2、alCommittee CPW/42, Photography.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institut
3、ion 2014.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 78996 0ICS 37.040.99Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2014.Amendments/co
4、rrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 18943:2014 ISO 2014Imaging materials Magnetic hard drives used for image storage Care and handlingMatriaux dimagerie Disques durs magntiques utiliss pour le stockage dimages Soins et manipulationINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18943First e
5、dition2014-12-01Reference numberISO 18943:2014(E)BS ISO 18943:2014ISO 18943:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, ele
6、ctronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. +
7、 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 18943:2014ISO 18943:2014(E)Contents PageForeword vIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions . 13 HDD components . 43.1 Disks . 43.2 Motor and spindle 43.3 Read/Write head . 43.4 Servo he
8、ad . 43.5 Control electronics . 43.6 Interconnections . 44 Possible physical configurations . 54.1 Disk arrays 54.2 Single HDD 55 Access and usage options 55.1 Online HDDs (connected and powered) . 55.2 Online but inactive HDDs (connected, not spinning) . 55.3 Off-line (not connected, not spinning)
9、. 56 Reliability . 57 Data quality 68 Interoperability/Compatibility . 69 Migration 610 Environmental factors 610.1 Temperature and humidity 610.2 Condensation 710.3 Acclimatisation . 710.4 Magnetic fields 711 Possible failure mechanisms . 711.1 Physical shock 711.2 Plugging/unplugging connectors 71
10、1.3 Head-to-disk stiction . 811.4 Heat . 811.5 Humidity . 811.6 Air quality and particulates . 811.7 Magnetic degradation . 811.8 Run time 811.9 Shelf life . 812 Obsolescence issues 812.1 Software 812.2 Hardware . 913 Transportation and shipping 913.1 Freighting. 913.2 Shipping containers 913.3 Time
11、 out of storage . 9 ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 18943:2014ISO 18943:2014(E)14 Disaster 914.1 Initial handling following a disaster . 914.2 Fire . 914.3 Earthquakes 1014.4 Heat and temperature extremes . 1014.5 Smoke, soot, and contamination . 1014.6 Water and moisture . 1015 Staff trainin
12、g 1015.1 Purpose . 1015.2 Training paths . 1015.3 Schedule for training . 1015.4 Update of training 1115.5 Content of training 1116 Minimum handling requirements checklist .11Annex A (normative) RAID and MAID levels12Annex B (informative) Websites and general information .13Bibliography .14iv ISO 20
13、14 All rights reservedBS ISO 18943:2014ISO 18943:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees.
14、 Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Interna
15、tional Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the differ
16、ent types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall
17、 not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is
18、 information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
19、see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 42, Photography. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18943:2014ISO 18943:2014(E)IntroductionMagnetic hard disk drives (HDD) are used widely for short and extended-term storage of data, i
20、ncluding audio, still, and moving images. HDDs are popular because they are small, inexpensive, self-contained, and have very high storage capacities. The most common form of HDD comes in a semi-sealed metal housing that measures 25 mm 100 mm 130 mm. Each unit has a connector for power and a connect
21、or for receiving and transmitting data and commands. Each HDD of this form contains one to as many as five 89 mm diameter magnetic disks (sometimes called platters) coated on an aluminium substrate. The location of working HDDs can be internal or external to computer workstations, and can be connect
22、ed singly or in groups.There are three broad categories of HDDs.a) Consumer. Consumer HDDs are the most common types of HDDs. They are low in cost and are made for consumer and office work.b) Enterprise. Enterprise HHDs cost more, are subjected to additional testing at the factory, and are intended
23、for higher performance and reliability, and more intensive usage. They are typically used as part of data centre storage systems. They usually run at a higher rotational speed.c) Miniature. Miniature HDDs have disks with smaller diameters and are used in mobile computers, including laptop computers
24、and mobile consumer electronic devices.There are several operating modes for HDDs, and these are described in Clause 3. In general, the three most common modes of HDDs area) online, b) online but inactive, and c) off-line.The main longevity issues for HDDs are failures due to natural disasters, manu
25、facturing defects, faulty electronic components, or obsolescence of the software interface. Proper care and handling helps reduce the risk of failure from physical impact, environmental extremes, and contamination, but proper care and handling by itself will not prevent failure. Migration and the ma
26、king of backup copies are also strategies to mitigate against failure. Many HDD users migrate their entire digital collections every five years. Medium- and long-term storage of data on HDDs is not endorsed. Medium- and long-term storage of data on HDDs requires frequent backup copying, system mirro
27、ring, or other procedure to mitigate the significant problems posed by the use of HDDs.HDDs used for storage purposes should not be left inactive for several years as no experience documents the reliability of HDDs in an extended idle storage mode. Also, all electronic media, including HDDs, have th
28、e possibility of failure. Therefore, all data shall be duplicated.This International Standard focuses on the care and handling of HDDs, as well as the preservation of data stored on HDDs. The physical media is only one component in the preservation of data on HDDs. Data preservation is dependent on
29、a total system to ensure data integrity.vi ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 18943:2014Imaging materials Magnetic hard drives used for image storage Care and handling1 ScopeThis International Standard concerns the storage, care, and handling of HDDs. It recommends handling procedures to maximise th
30、e effective life of the data written on magnetic HDDs. Faulty care and handling methods can cause damage to a disk and the contents written thereon. It also recommends storage practices to preserve both the hard disk media and the content encoded thereon.The recommendations in this International Sta
31、ndard apply where the desired result is extended-term retention of the data encoded on the disk. The use of the phrase “care and handling” in this International Standard is restricted to the physical domain or hardware aspects of the HDD. This International Standard is not intended to address associ
32、ated or relative system aspects of HDDs. With recognition that the scope of systems is covered in other standards, this International Standard precisely aims to fill a void of information on HDDs as physical media with failure mechanisms and handling risks.This International Standard does not promot
33、e or advocate that proper physical care and handling represents the only element on the path to extended-term usage (more than two years), but rather is part of a comprehensive set of practices to mitigate risks in the long term preservation of content stored on HDDs.2 Terms and definitionsFor the p
34、urposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1advanced technology attachmentATAtype of protocol that interfaces the hard disk drive with the computerNote 1 to entry: Also, see SATA.2.2backupduplicate of stored dataNote 1 to entry: It is recommended to store the back-ups at a
35、 remote site in case of a disaster.2.3BLERnumber of erroneous blocks per second measured at the input of the C1 decoder (see ISO/IEC 60908) during playback at the standard (x 1) data rate averaged over a 10 second measuring periodNote 1 to entry: Standards ISO/IEC 10149 and ANSI/NAPM IT9.21-1996 spe
36、cify a maximum BLER rate of 220.2.4cartridgehousing for recording mediaNote 1 to entry: Cartridges for removable HDDs contain only the disk and not the read/write heads or interface electronics.2.5disk arraymultiple HDDs with a common controller and file systemINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18943:2014(E
37、) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18943:2014ISO 18943:2014(E)2.6disk formatstructure and composition of data storage on a disk2.7enterprise storageES HDDsHDDs intended for data center storage systems with higher performance and reliability, and usually running at higher rotational speedNote 1 t
38、o entry: These cost more than consumer HDDs, but are subjected to additional testing at the factory.2.8extended-term storage conditions.storage conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded information having permanent value2.9fibre channelFChard drive electrical-optical interconnect allowing
39、 high performance data transfer speed2.10fileencapsulation of data and metadata2.11file formatstructure and composition of data and its associated metadata in a file2.12hard diskwritable computer storage medium consisting of an aluminum alloy platter coated with a magnetic material and a protective
40、layer2.13hard disk driveHDDelectromechanical device consisting of one or more magnetic disks (platters), read familiarity with the functional characteristics of equipment; awareness of required safety procedures including fire control and chemical, biological, electrical hazard avoidance; knowledge
41、of policies and procedures governing work.15.2 Training pathsAn effective training program shall consist of at least two paths, one for new staff and one for continuing staff. All staff, whether staff is paid or volunteer, shall receive regular training. The formal training program shall be suppleme
42、nted by frequent supervision. Each organisation shall develop a program fitted to its individual circumstances and needs. The training program shall be updated regularly as equipment, software, procedures, and needs change.15.3 Schedule for trainingAll staff shall receive training within one month o
43、f commencing work. Continuing employees shall receive updating training sessions at least once each year.10 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 18943:2014ISO 18943:2014(E)15.4 Update of trainingThe staff training program shall be revised and updated whenever major changes occur (e.g. staff changes, m
44、ajor equipment changes, significant redirection of mission and services).15.5 Content of trainingStaff training should include the following components:a) Mission, goals, and objectives of the organisation;b) Position descriptions stating the roles and responsibilities of each staff member;c) Publis
45、hed standards and a bibliography of other information relevant to the work of the repository;d) Guidelines governing access to the materials;e) Maintenance schedules and procedures for equipment used in the facility;f) Cataloging, labelling, and shelf arrangement;g) Physical facilities issues and co
46、ncerns (e.g. location of fire alarms and emergency shut-off valves);h) Occupational health and safety;i) Instruction on handling of HDDs;j) Actions to take if a disaster occurs.16 Minimum handling requirements checklistThe following compose the minimal maintenance requirements that shall be performe
47、d routinely to properly handle and care for HDDs, and provide maximum protection of data stored on them.a) Schedule a cleaning of the computer air filter twice a year unless once each year is found to be sufficient.b) Add a small external fan on each computer to increase the airflow within the compu
48、ter.c) Add one or two backup computers that are identical to the primary computer.d) Additional backup systems shall be maintained, such as duplicate HDDs stored offsite and in different geographical locations, mirrored data systems, and web-based storage as secondary backup.e) Perform an error test
49、 of all HDDs once each year.f) Maintain a room environment of less than 25 C and less than 60 % RH.g) Turn off power before moving HDDs.h) Prior to installing new software or upgrades, test the new software on an identical backup computer system.i) When turning off a computer with a running HD, wait at least 5 sec before turning the computer back on. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 11BS ISO 18943:2014ISO 18943:2014(E)Annex A (normative) RAID and MAID levelsLevel 0 Striped Disk Array without Fault Tolerance: Provides data striping
