1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 19144-2:2012Geographic information -Classification systemsPart 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)BS ISO 19144-2:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard
2、 is the UK implementation of ISO 19144-2:2012. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee IST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all
3、 the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 64153 4 ICS 35.240.70 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Britis
4、h Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 19144-2:2012 ISO 2012Geographic information Classification systems Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)Information gogr
5、aphique Systmes de classification Partie 2: Mtalangage de couverture du sol (LCML)INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO19144-2First edition2012-07-01Reference numberISO 19144-2:2012(E)BS ISO 19144-2:2012ISO 19144-2:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. U
6、nless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO
7、 copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 19144-2:2012ISO 19144-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword . vIntroduction . vi1 Scope 12 Conformance 12.1 Clas
8、ses . 12.2 Conformance of a land cover classification system . 12.3 Conformance of a register for the extension of the metalanguage . 12.4 Conformance of a comparison process of land cover classification systems 13 Normative references . 14 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations . 24.1 Terms and defi
9、nitions . 24.2 Abbreviations . 35 Notation 46 Context . 47 Conceptual basis . 67.1 Definition adopted for land cover . 67.2 LCML approach to class definition . 68 LCML objects 88.1 Introduction to LCML objects 88.2 Relation to ISO 19144-1 Classification system structure . 88.3 Composition of a LC_La
10、ndCover object . 98.4 Elements of the LCML metamodel 108.5 High level structure .108.6 Land Cover Meta Language object structure 118.7 LC_Element .178.8 LC_VegetationElement .188.9 LC_GrowthForm 188.10 LC_WoodyGrowthForm .208.11 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm .228.12 LC_LichenAndMoss .248.13 LC_AbioticElem
11、ent .258.14 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement 268.15 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement 268.16 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement 278.17 LC_BuiltUpSurface .308.18 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface 338.19 LC_RocksSurfaceElement 348.20 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement 358.21 LC_ClassCharacteristic .378.22 LC_LandCoverElemen
12、tCharacteristic .408.23 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic 428.24 LC_NameAttributionCriteria .468.25 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetation 488.26 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic .528.27 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic .548.28 LC_ValueObject permitted numeric values 569 Extension of the LCML .609.
13、1 Introduction .609.2 Backward compatibility .609.3 LCML register structure .61Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite 67BS ISO 19144-2:2012ISO 19144-2:2012(E)iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedAnnex B (informative) The relationship of the LCML to the General Feature Model of ISO 19109. 69Annex C (infor
14、mative) Examples 71Annex D (informative) Glossary of land cover meta-elements .89Bibliography .106Alphabetical index to terms in glossary .108BS ISO 19144-2:2012ISO 19144-2:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
15、(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, g
16、overnmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IE
17、C Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the membe
18、r bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 19144-2 was prepared jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of t
19、he United Nations (UNFAO) and Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics under a cooperative agreement between the two organizations.ISO 19144 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information Classification systems : Part 1: Classification system
20、structure Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 19144-2:2012ISO 19144-2:2012(E)IntroductionEfficient assessment of land cover and the ability to monitor change are fundamental to sustainable management of natural resources, environmental protection, food securi
21、ty and successful humanitarian programmes. Such information is also required to help towards raising levels of nutrition, improving agricultural productivity, enhancing the lives of rural populations and contributing to sustainable growth of the world economy. However, in the past, policy-makers and
22、 planners have not had access to reliable and comparable land cover data, not only for lower-income countries but also at the regional and global levels.Access has been limited by two factors: Lack of mapping activities and lack of commonality between systems. The solution has been to carry out sepa
23、rate regional mapping projects using national or regional land cover classification systems. However, it has not been possible to compare or to exchange information between current systems.The aim of this part of ISO 19144 is to enable the comparison of information from existing classification syste
24、ms in a meaningful way without replacing them. The aim is to complement the development of future classification systems that can offer more reliable collection methods for particular national or regional purposes by allowing them to be described in a consistent manner.A critical factor in implement
25、ing such global activities is the availability of a common, umbrella land cover classification system structure. This then provides a reliable basis for interaction without replacing the increasing number of national, regional and global land cover mapping and monitoring activities. This enables com
26、parisons of land cover classes to be made regardless of mapping scale, land cover type, data collection method or geographic location.Another critical factor is the availability of a common reference for land cover classification systems. This part of ISO 19144 provides a metalanguage expressed as a
27、 UML model that allows different land cover classification systems to be described.This part of ISO 19144 establishes a metalanguage for a set of objects and rules (language) to describe land cover features based on physiognomy that can be part of different land cover legends (nomenclature). This pr
28、ovides a framework for comparing different systems and nomenclatures such as Corine, Africover, Anderson (USGS), Global Map and national systems without replacing them. This is not a description of a nomenclature nor is it a description of a specific set of classes.vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS
29、ISO 19144-2:2012Geographic information Classification systems Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)1 ScopeThis part of ISO 19144 specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that allows different land cover classification systems to be described based on the physiognomi
30、c aspects. This part of ISO 19144 also specifies the detailed structure of a register for the extension of LCML but does not specify the maintenance of the register. This part of ISO 19144 recognizes that there exist a number of land cover classification systems. It provides a common reference struc
31、ture for the comparison and integration of data for any generic land cover classification system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems.2 Conformance2.1 ClassesThree conformance classes are identified in this part of ISO 19144.2.2 Conformance of a land cover classification syst
32、emA land cover classification system, as defined in accordance with the LCML defined in this part of ISO 19144, shall satisfy the conditions specified in the following abstract test suite:a) ISO 19144-1 (Annex A) for general conformance of the classification system;b) A.2.2.3 Conformance of a regist
33、er for the extension of the metalanguageThe register defined in this part of ISO 19144 shall satisfy all of the conditions specified in the following abstract test suites:a) ISO 19135 for the general register structure;b) A.3.1 for the minimum register content;c) A.3.2 for uniqueness of registered m
34、etaclass names;d) A.3.3 for backward compatibility.2.4 Conformance of a comparison process of land cover classification systemsThe process of comparison of two land cover classification systems shall be done by developing descriptions of the two land cover classification systems, each in accordance
35、with the abstract test suite in A.2, and then identifying the differences in accordance with the abstract test suite in A.4.3 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undat
36、ed references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19144-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 19144-2:2012ISO 19144-2:2012(E)ISO 19109:2005, Geographic information Rules for application schemaISO/TS 19103:2005, Geograp
37、hic information Conceptual schema languageISO 19144-1:2009 Geographic information Classification systems Part 1: Classification system structureISO 19135:2005, Geographic information Procedures for item registration4 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations4.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of t
38、his document, the following terms and definitions apply.NOTE The technical terms applying to plant physiognomy, and terms from other disciplines used to establish the classifiers in the classification scheme are not defined in this part of ISO 19144.4.1.1abstract test suiteabstract test module speci
39、fying all the requirements to be satisfied for conformanceISO 19105:2000, 3.44.1.2classificationabstract representation of real world phenomena using classifiers (4.1.4)ISO 19144-1:2009, 4.1.44.1.3classification systemsystem for assigning objects to classesISO 19144-1:2009, 4.1.54.1.4classifierdefin
40、ition used to assign objects to legend classes (4.1.11)ISO 19144-1:2009, 4.1.6NOTE Classifiers can be algorithmically defined, or defined according to a set of classification system (4.1.3) specific rules.4.1.5featureabstraction of real world phenomenaISO 19101:2002, 4.11EXAMPLE The phenomenon named
41、 “Eiffel Tower” can be classified with other similar phenomena into a feature type named “tower”.4.1.6item classset of items with common propertiesISO 19135:2005, 4.1.6NOTE Class is used in this context to refer to a set of instances, not the concept abstracted from that set of instances.2 ISO 2012
42、All rights reservedBS ISO 19144-2:2012ISO 19144-2:2012(E)4.1.7land coverobserved (bio)physical cover on the Earths surfaceUNFAO LCCS 2:2005NOTE Land cover is distinct from land use (4.1.9).4.1.8land cover metalanguagelogical general model used to describe land cover (4.1.7) features (4.1.5) from whi
43、ch more specific rules can be described to create a particular classification system (4.1.3)4.1.9land usearrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover (4.1.7) type to maintain it or produce changeUNFAO LCCS 2:2005NOTE The definition of land use in this way establishes
44、a direct link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment. Multiple land uses can coexist at the same location (e.g. forestry and recreation), contrary to land cover classes that are mutually exclusive.EXAMPLE “Recreation area” is a land use term that can be applicable to diffe
45、rent land cover types, e.g. sandy surfaces such as a beach; a built-up area such as a pleasure park; woodlands etc.4.1.10legendapplication of a classification (4.1.2) in a specific area using a defined mapping scale and specific data setUNFAO LCCS 2:20054.1.11legend classclass resultant from the app
46、lication of a classification (4.1.2) processISO 19144-1:2009, 4.1.16NOTE In order to avoid confusion with respect to the term “class”, the result of a classification process will be termed a “legend class”. This use of the term “class” is distinct from the term “class” as used in UML modelling.4.1.1
47、2physiognomygeneral appearance of an object or terrain, without reference to its underlying or scientific characteristics4.1.13registerset of files containing identifiers assigned to items with descriptions of the associated itemsISO 19135:2005, 4.1.94.1.14registryinformation system on which a regis
48、ter (4.1.13) is maintainedISO 19135:2005, 4.1.134.2 AbbreviationsCEC Commission of the European Communities ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 19144-2:2012ISO 19144-2:2012(E)CORINE Coordination of Information on the Environment, EULCCS Land Cover Classification SystemLCML Land Cover Meta LanguageL
49、C Prefix used to identify classes in the Land Cover Meta LanguageTDS Total Dissolved SolidsUML Unified Modelling LanguageUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture OrganizationUNFAO LCCS UNFAO Land Cover Classification System5 NotationThe conceptual schema specified in this part of ISO 19144 is described using the Unified Modelling Language (UML), following the guidance of ISO/TS 19103.Several model
