1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 19150-2:2015Geographic information OntologyPart 2: Rules for developing ontologies inthe Web Ontology Language (OWL)BS ISO 19150-2:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 19150-2:2015.The UK participation in its prep
2、aration was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee IST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapp
3、lication. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 80469 4ICS 35.240.70Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Commi
4、ttee on 30 June 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 19150-2:2015 ISO 2015Geographic information Ontology Part 2: Rules for developing ontologies in the Web Ontology Language (OWL)Information gographique Ontologie Partie 2: Rgles pour le dveloppement dontologies dans le l
5、angage dontologie Web (OWL)INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO19150-2First edition2015-07-01Reference numberISO 19150-2:2015(E)BS ISO 19150-2:2015ISO 19150-2:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no
6、 part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs membe
7、r body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 19150-2:2015ISO 19150-2:2015(E)Foreword vIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Conformance . 13 Normative referenc
8、es 14 Terms, definitions, abbreviations, and namespaces . 24.1 Terms and definitions . 24.2 Abbreviations . 64.3 Namespaces . 75 Namespace 76 Rules for mapping ISO geographic information UML models to OWL ontologies 86.1 General . 86.2 Name 96.2.1 Scoping and namespaces 96.2.2 Ontology name 106.2.3
9、RDF namespace for ontology . 106.2.4 Class name 116.2.5 Datatype name 116.2.6 Property name 116.2.7 Names for codelists and their members .126.3 Package . 136.3.1 UML notation .136.3.2 OWL notation .136.3.3 Rules 136.4 Class . 156.4.1 UML notation .156.4.2 OWL notation .156.4.3 Rules 156.5 Abstract
10、class . 166.5.1 UML notation .166.5.2 OWL notation .176.5.3 Rules 176.6 Attribute 186.6.1 UML Notation . 186.6.2 OWL notation .196.6.3 Rules 206.7 Enumerated type 236.7.1 Enumeration .236.7.2 Code list 256.8 Union class . 296.8.1 UML notation .296.8.2 OWL notation .296.8.3 Rules 296.9 Multiplicity 3
11、06.9.1 UML notation .306.9.2 OWL notation .306.9.3 Rules 306.10 Relationship 376.10.1 Generalization/inheritance . 376.10.2 Association .396.10.3 Aggregation .426.11 Constraint . 44 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 19150-2:2015ISO 19150-2:2015(E)6.11.1 UML notation .446.11.2 OWL n
12、otation .456.11.3 Rules 457 Rules for formalizing an application schema in OWL .467.1 General 467.2 Rules for identification 487.3 Rules for ontology documentation . 497.3.1 Ontology documentation . 497.3.2 Ontology component documentation .497.4 Rules for integration 507.5 Rules for FeatureType 507
13、.6 PropertyType 517.6.1 Attribute . 517.6.2 Rules for Operation .577.6.3 Rules for FeatureAssociationRole 577.7 Rules for FeatureAssociationType 577.8 Rules for FeatureAggregationType . 587.9 Rules for FeatureCompositionType . 597.10 Rules for SpatialAssociationType 597.11 Rules for TemporalAssociat
14、ionType . 597.12 Rules for InheritanceRelation . 597.13 Rules for constraints . 607.14 Rules for ValueAssignment 607.14.1 Role of Association class 607.14.2 ValueAssignment property 607.14.3 RDF reification pattern 617.14.4 SPARQL named-graph pattern 637.14.5 Rules for ValueAssignment in OWL tern 63
15、Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .65Annex B (normative) Namespaces and component names for geographic information ontologies .85Annex C (informative) Augmented Backus Naur Form Notation 87Annex D (normative) ”base” ontology 88Annex E (informative) Application ontology: The PropertyParcel exam
16、ple 90Bibliography . 101iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 19150-2:2015ISO 19150-2:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried
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18、collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different ap
19、proval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subje
20、ct of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade name u
21、sed in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical B
22、arriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.The Committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.ISO 19150 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information Ontology: Part 1: Framework Part 2:
23、 Rules for developing ontologies in the Web Ontology Language (OWL)Semantic operators, Service ontology, Domain ontology registry and Service ontology registry are planned to be covered in future Parts. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 19150-2:2015ISO 19150-2:2015(E)IntroductionFundamentally, on
24、tology comes from philosophy and refers to the study of the nature of the world itself. The information technology and artificial intelligence communities borrowed this term of ontology for the explicit specification of a conceptualization.2Information technology and artificial intelligence consider
25、 that reality may be abstracted differently depending on the context from which “things” are perceived and, as such, recognize that multiple ontologies about the same part of reality may exist. In geographic information, ontology refers to a formal representation of phenomena of a universe of discou
26、rse with an underlying vocabulary including definitions and axioms that make the intended meaning explicit and describe phenomena and their interrelationships.1An ontology can be formalized differently ranging from weak to strong semantics: taxonomy, thesaurus, conceptual model, logical theory.2Onto
27、logy is a fundamental notion for semantic interoperability on the Semantic Web since it defines the meaning of data and describes it in a format that machines and applications can read. As such, an application using data also has access to their inherent semantics through the ontology associated wit
28、h it. Therefore, ontologies can support integration of heterogeneous data captured by different communities by relating them based on their semantic similarity. The W3C has proposed the Web Ontology Language (OWL) family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies characterised by
29、 formal semantics on the Web.4,11Semantics is an important topic in the field of geographic information. The meaning of geographic information is essential for their discovery, sharing, integration, and use. Geographic information standards have recognized this fact in the standards on rules for app
30、lication schema (ISO 19109) and the methodology for feature cataloguing (ISO 19110),7which are both based on the General Feature Model (GFM). Basically, semantics relates phenomena and signs used to represent them (i.e. data) by the way of concepts. Typically, concepts are maintained in repositories
31、 called ontologies.The ISO geographic information standards have chosen the conceptual modelling language UML10,12for the formal representation of abstraction of the reality. Additionally as introduced in ISO/TS 19150-1:2012, there is a need to provide formal representation of abstraction of the rea
32、lity in OWL to support the Semantic Web. Accordingly, this part of ISO 19150 defines rules to convert UML static views of geographic information and application schemas into OWL ontologies in order to benefit and support interoperability of geographic information over the Semantic Web. These rules a
33、re required for: ontology description completeness; consistency in the set of OWL ontologies for geographic information; consistency in conversion of UML diagrams to OWL ontologies; and cohesion and unity between UML models and ontologies.These rules are based on but also extend the OMGs Ontology De
34、finition Metamodel.11OWL ontologies are complementary to UML static views and serve different purposes.vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 19150-2:2015Geographic information Ontology Part 2: Rules for developing ontologies in the Web Ontology Language (OWL)1 ScopeThis part of ISO 19150 defines rul
35、es and guidelines for the development of ontologies to support better the interoperability of geographic information over the Semantic Web. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is the language adopted for ontologies.This part of ISO 19150 defines the conversion of the UML static view modeling elements us
36、ed in the ISO geographic information standards into OWL. It further defines conversion rules for describing application schemas based on the General Feature Model defined in ISO 19109 into OWL.This part of ISO 19150 does not define semantics operators, rules for service ontologies, and does not deve
37、lop any ontology.2 ConformanceAny application ontology or profile claiming conformance with this part of ISO 19150 shall pass the requirements described in the abstract test suite, presented in Annex A.The abstract test suite is organized in two conformance classes that address the following purpose
38、s: Conversion of a UML package from the ISO/TC 211 Harmonized Model to OWL (conformance class 19150-2owl-conf); and Formalization of an application schema in OWL (conformance class 19150-2app-conf).3 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this
39、 document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 19103:1), Geographic information Conceptual schema languageISO 19107:2003, Geographi
40、c information Spatial schemaISO 19108:2002, Geographic information Temporal schemaISO 19109:2), Geographic information Rules for application schemaISO 19112:2003, Geographic information Spatial referencing by geographic identifiersISO 19115-1:2014, Geographic information Metadata Part 1: Fundamental
41、sISO 19123:2005, Geographic information Schema for coverage geometry and functions1) To be published. (Revision of ISO/TS 19103:2005)2) To be published. (Revision of ISO 19109:2005)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19150-2:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 19150-2:2015ISO 19150-2:2015(E)ISO 1915
42、6:2011, Geographic information Observations and measurementsISO 19157:2013, Geographic information Data qualityW3C OWL 2, OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: Structural Specification and Functional-Style Syntax (W3C Recommendation 27 October 2009)W3C OWL 2 RDF, OWL 2 Web Ontology Language RDF-Based Semanti
43、cs (W3C Recommendation 27 October 2009)W3C SKOS, SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference (W3C Recommendation 18 August 2009)IETF RFC 5234, Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNFIETF RFC 3986, Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax4 Terms, definitions, abbreviations, and
44、 namespaces4.1 Terms and definitions4.1.1aggregationspecial form of association (4.1.6) that specifies a whole-part relationship between the aggregate (whole) and a component partNote 1 to entry: See composition (4.1.12).SOURCE: ISO 19103:1), 4.14.1.2annotationadditional information associated to on
45、tologies, entities, and axiomsSOURCE: OWL4.1.3annotation propertyelement used to provide a textual annotation (4.1.2) for an ontology (4.1.29), axiom, or an IRISOURCE: OWL4.1.4application ontologyontology (4.1.29) representing the concepts and relationships in an application schema (4.1.5)4.1.5appli
46、cation schemaconceptual schema (4.1.14) for data (4.1.16) required by one or more applicationsSOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.24.1.6associationsemantic relationship that can occur between typed instancesNote 1 to entry: A binary association is an association among exactly two classifiers (including th
47、e possibility of an association from a classifier to itself).SOURCE: OMG UML, Superstructure, version 2.4.1, 7.3.32 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 19150-2:2015ISO 19150-2:2015(E)4.1.7attributefeature within a classifier that describes a range of values that instances of the classifier may holdSO
48、URCE: ISO 19103:1), 4.54.1.8cardinalitynumber of elements in a setNote 1 to entry: Contrast with multiplicity (4.1.24), which is the range of possible cardinalities a set may hold.SOURCE: ISO 19103:1), 4.64.1.9classset of individuals (4.1.20)SOURCE: OWL4.1.10classdescription of a set of objects that
49、 share the same attributes (4.1.7), operations (4.1.30), methods, relationships, and semanticsSOURCE: ISO 19103:1), 4.74.1.11codelistvalue domain including a code for each permissible valueSOURCE: ISO 19136:2007, 4.1.74.1.12compositionaggregation (4.1.1) where the composite object (whole) has responsibility for the existence and storage of the composed objects (parts)SOURCE: ISO 19103:1), 4.104.1.13conceptual modelmodel that defines concepts of a universe of discourse (4.1.
