1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58of spray driftICS 65.060.40Equipment for crop protection Methods for field measurement BRITISH STAN
2、DARDBS ISO 22866:2005BS ISO 22866:2005This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 48297 9Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be f
3、ound in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are res
4、ponsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 17 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice
5、 displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsA list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. present to the responsible international/European committee any enquirie
6、s on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.National forewordThis British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 22866:2005 and implements it as the UK national standard.The UK parti
7、cipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee AGE/15, Equipment for crop protection and application of liquid fertilizer, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text;Reference numberISO 22866:2005(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO22866First edition2005-06-15Eq
8、uipment for crop protection Methods for field measurement of spray drift Matriel de protection des cultures Mesurage de la drive du jet au champ BS ISO 22866:2005ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope . 1 2 Terms and definitions. 1 3 Essential elements of a trial 2 3.1 General. 2 3.2 Selection of t
9、he trial site 2 3.3 Conduct of trial . 3 3.4 Use of a reference spraying system . 4 3.5 Measurements of spray drift 4 3.6 Replication of measurements 5 4 Measurement of meteorological conditions 5 5 Acceptable conditions for field measurement of spray drift 6 6 Recording test conditions . 6 6.1 Rela
10、tive to spraying system 6 6.2 Relative to crop and surface in drift sampling zone . 6 6.3 Relative to instrumentation and measurement methods used 6 7 Presentation of results. 7 Annex A (normative) Definition of directly sprayed area for spray drift measurement 8 Annex B (normative) Description of t
11、rial sites and target array for field measurement of spray drift . 10 Annex C (informative) Reference spraying systems for field measurement of spray drift 12 Annex D (normative) Selection and handling of spray drift collectors and samplers 13 Annex E (informative) Example presentation for reporting
12、 results from field measurement of spray drift 15 Bibliography . 17 BS ISO 22866:2005iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
13、through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO coll
14、aborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International St
15、andards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements
16、of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 22866 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry, Subcommittee SC 6, Equipment for crop protection. BS IS
17、O 22866:20051Equipment for crop protection Methods for field measurement of spray drift 1 Scope This International Standard establishes principles for the measurement of droplet drift from all types of equipment designed for applying plant protection products. Detailed specifications relate to tract
18、or-mounted, trailed and self-propelled agricultural sprayers operating in arable field crops (boom sprayers) and in bush and tree (including vines, hops, fruit) crops (including broadcast air-assisted sprayers). The principles are also applicable for any hand-held equipment or aircraft, but detailed
19、 protocols for such systems are not included in the specifications defined. All measurements are made with the sprayer operating outdoors in typical field conditions or over a defined surface including grass turf. Crop conditions include all arable (field) and horticultural crops that would be treat
20、ed with a boom sprayer. Measurements of the crop and basic meteorological conditions at the time of spraying are made as part of the test procedure. This International Standard specifies the making of field measurements so as to determine the quantities of spray drift during application at defined d
21、istances from a treated area for risk assessment purposes. Standard measurement distances are defined that are used to enable the results from different experiments to be compared. Measures of drift can relate to either the deposition of spray onto horizontal surfaces outside of the treatment area o
22、r to airborne spray profiles that can be characterised at given downwind distances downwind of the treatment area. Deposition onto horizontal surfaces is relevant to the assessment of the risk of contamination of, for example, surface water; whereas the measurement of airborne profiles are relevant
23、to risk assessments relating to inhalation effects and to the contamination of, for example, vegetative structures at field boundaries. This International Standard is applicable to both situations, although the emphasis in any series of trials may be varied by selection of the sampling matrix to be
24、used. Where comparative assessments of the relative drift risk from different application systems are needed, then this International Standard is applicable, but some requirements relating to the use of reference spraying systems, collectors, selection and definition of the trial site may need to be
25、 modified. A description of such modifications is included, where appropriate. Drift measurements relate to application conditions aimed at achieving realistic levels of deposit on a target within the sprayed area. Since drift is commonly expressed as a proportion of the application rate, it is impo
26、rtant that some direct assessments of target deposits be made as part of the drift measurement procedure. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 spray drift quantity of plant protection product that is carried out of the sprayed (tre
27、ated) area by the action of air currents during the application process NOTE Material applied which escapes from deposits on treated plants or the ground after application is not regarded as spray drift. Drifting material may take the form of droplets, as dry particles or as vapour. However, this In
28、ternational Standard is only concerned with the sampling and estimation of droplet drift. BS ISO 22866:20052 2.2 swath width working width of boom sprayers operating over arable crops and broadcast-air-assisted sprayers operating in tree and bush crops 2.3 directly sprayed area area to which the spr
29、ay treatment is intended 3 Essential elements of a trial 3.1 General A spray drift measurement shall comprise the application of a tracer dye, or other traceable material for representing a plant-protection product formulation, to a defined, directly sprayed area of crop by means of travel in a sing
30、le pass at a measured forward speed along defined tracks arranged to be at right angles to the mean wind direction. Spray drift shall be determined by sampling in a defined downwind area. Where measurements are to be made to compare the relative drift from different application systems, then a singl
31、e track may be used, arranged at right angles to the mean wind direction, with multiple passes being made on that track if necessary to obtain adequate resolution in the measurement of drift deposits. Sampling may then be within the cropped area or in a specified downwind area as above. Where possib
32、le, all measurements shall use a tracer of low toxicity that can be safely applied to the sprayed area with no associated risks of environmental contamination. The spray liquid shall have physical properties representative of liquids typically used in the application of plant protection products. Th
33、is can normally be achieved by the addition of a water-soluble surfactant at typical usage rates (for example, 0,1 %). NOTE The formulation of some tracers can include a surfactant component. 3.2 Selection of the trial site The trial site shall be in an exposed area with the minimum of obstructions,
34、 other than a target crop, that could influence the airflow in the region of the measurement. Details of the site and local topography shall be recorded and detailed in the report of the results of the study (see Clause 7). The directly sprayed area shall be such that, on the downwind side, there is
35、 an area in which to position sampling stations (see 3.5). The downwind area shall be bare soil or have short vegetation (maximum height 7,5 cm) over which assessments of airborne spray drift and/or sedimenting spray drift shall be made. The directly sprayed area shall be at least 20 m wide immediat
36、ely upwind of the edge of the cropped area. Where crops are grown in rows (for example, fruit trees), then the minimum width of the sprayed area shall be as close to 20 m as possible consistent with the crop row spacing. The length of the directly sprayed area or spray track shall be at least 50 m.
37、When making spray drift measurements at large downwind distances from the directly sprayed area or spray track, the length of the area or track should be increased to account for the variations in wind direction. The length of the spray track shall be at least twice that of the largest downwind samp
38、ling distance and shall be symmetrical about the axis of the sampling array. All downwind distances shall be measured from the downwind edge of the directly sprayed area (see Annex A). A coordinate reference system shall be used to describe the layout of a spray drift trial, including location and s
39、ize of spray drift collectors in sampling arrays, as described in Annex B. The details of the spray drift trial layout shall be fully reported within the results. BS ISO 22866:200533.3 Conduct of trial In all experiments, single-track tests should first be conducted to provide data necessary to gaug
40、e the downwind extent and decay profile of that component of spray drift originating from a single pass on the downwind side of any directly sprayed area. Comparative assessments of relative spray drift from different application systems require only single-track experiments. In experiments to measu
41、re the spray drift loss from a directly sprayed area, subsequent multiple-track tests shall be made as needed. Adjacent swaths within a directly sprayed area should always be sprayed by moving successively in an upwind direction. The total number of adjacent swaths needed is dependent on the necessa
42、ry upwind distance from which spray drift may add a significant contribution ( 10 % of total measured drift) toward the total spray drift loss from the area, and should be at least 20 m. In many situations, a default width of treated area of 20 m will be adequate. When this is not so, the distance s
43、hould be calculated using the results from the single-track tests already conducted for the sprayers concerned. This calculation should use measurements from either ground and/or airborne spray drift measurements and should involve a) the plotting of a decay curve of measured spray drift with distan
44、ce from a single swath, having a scale of mean deposition from a single swath treatment in the directly sprayed area representing 100 %, and b) a cumulative projection along the decay curve to determine the distance corresponding to a drift value of 90 % of the total amount of spray drift measured.
45、This distance shall then be the minimum width of the directly sprayed area (see Figure 1, which in this example gives a minimum width of around 20 m). Key X downwind distance (m) Y spray drift (% of applied volume) Z cumulative % of measured spray drift aCumulative % of total measured spray drift. b
46、90 % of total measured spray drift. cMeasured spray drift (% of applied volume). Figure 1 Calculation of minimum width of directly sprayed area BS ISO 22866:20054 Each measurement shall involve sampling ground and/or airborne spray drift downwind of the directly sprayed area (see 3.5). In addition,
47、assessments of the spray applied to the directly sprayed area shall be made using sampling systems similar to those used for determining sedimenting spray drift (ground deposits). Care is needed to ensure that sampling media used to verify the applied dose and volume rate do not become saturated. 3.
48、4 Use of a reference spraying system Where comparative measurements are to be made, then measurements with a defined reference spraying system (see Annex C) shall be included in the field measurement programme. Good agricultural practice shall relate to the local conditions where the test is conduct
49、ed. 3.5 Measurements of spray drift Horizontal collection surfaces for sampling sedimenting spray drift (“drift fallout”) shall be placed at a level corresponding to the top of the vegetation or crop in the sampling area and used to determine the quantity of spray liquid sedimenting in this area. Additional horizontal collectors may be placed at ground level where the crop is of irregular height or has an open structure allowing a high proportion of drift fallout to reach the ground. Horizontal collecting surfaces shall be chosen to provid
