1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 24617-2:2012Language resource management Semantic annotation framework (SemAF)Part 2: Dialogue actsBS ISO 24617-2:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standa
2、rd is the UK implementation of ISO 24617-2:2012. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to T e c h n i c a l Committee TS/1, Terminology.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all t
3、he necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013.ISBN 978 0 580 66372 7 ICS 01.020 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British St
4、andard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 24617-2:2012Reference numberISO 24617-2:2012(E)ISO 2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO24617-2First edition2012-09-01Language res
5、ource management Semantic annotation framework (SemAF) Part 2: Dialogue acts Gestion des ressources langagires Cadre dannotation smantique (SemAF) Partie 2: Actes de dialogue BS ISO 24617-2:2012ISO 24617-2:2012(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified,
6、 no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case po
7、stale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 24617-2:2012ISO 24617-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1
8、3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Purpose and justification . 5 5 Basic concepts and metamodel . 6 6 Definition of communicative functions . 8 7 Annotation schemes . 9 7.1 Structure of annotation schemes 9 7.2 Multidimensionality and multifunctionality 10 7.3 Multidimensionality, clustering and dimensio
9、ns . 11 7.4 Dimension- specific and general-purpose functions 11 8 Dialogue segmentation . 13 9 Dimensions 14 9.1 Task. 15 9.2 Auto-Feedback . 15 9.3 Allo-Feedback 15 9.4 Turn Management 15 9.5 Time Management . 16 9.6 Discourse Structuring . 16 9.7 Social Obligations Management 16 9.8 Own Communica
10、tion Management . 16 9.9 Partner Communication Management . 16 10 Core dialogue acts 17 10.1 General-purpose functions 19 10.2 Dimension-specific functions 20 10.3 Function qualifiers 22 11 Dialogue act markup language (DiAML) . 23 11.1 Abstract syntax 23 11.2 Concrete syntax . 24 12 Principles for
11、extending and restricting the standard . 25 12.1 Main design principles 25 12.2 Schema extension . 27 12.3 Scheme restriction 27 Annex A (informative) Annotation guidelines 29 Annex B (informative) Annotated dialogue examples . 43 Annex C (normative) Formal definition of DiAML 56 Annex D (normative)
12、 DiAML technical schema 63 Annex E (normative) Data categories for core concepts . 68 Annex F (informative) Examples of possible additional data categories 88 Annex G (informative) Concepts in existing schemes 90 Bibliography 100 BS ISO 24617-2:2012ISO 24617-2:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved
13、Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a t
14、echnical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters
15、 of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulate
16、d to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible
17、for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 24617-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management. ISO 24617 consists of the following parts, under the general title: Language resource manag
18、ement Semantic annotation framework: Part 1: Time and events (SemAF-Time, ISO-TimeML) Part 2: Dialogue acts The following parts are under preparation: Part 3: Named entities (SemAF-NE) Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SRL) Part 5: Discourse structure (SemAF-DS) Part 6: Principles of semantic annotation
19、 (SemAF-Basics) Part 7: Spatial information (ISO-Space) Part 8: Semantic relations in discourse (SemAF-DRel) BS ISO 24617-2:2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24617-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Language resource management Semantic annotation framework (SemAF) Part 2: Dialogue acts 1 Scope Th
20、is part of ISO 24617 provides a set of empirically and theoretically well-motivated concepts for dialogue annotation, a formal language for expressing dialogue annotations the dialogue act markup language (DiAML) and a method for segmenting a dialogue into semantic units. This allows the manual or a
21、utomatic annotation of dialogue segments with information about the communicative actions which the participants perform by their contributions to the dialogue. It supports multidimensional annotation, in which units in dialogue are viewed as having multiple communicative functions. The DiAML langua
22、ge has an XML-based representation format and a formal semantics which makes it possible to apply inference to DiAML representations. This part of ISO 24617 specifies data categories for reference sets of communicative functions and dimensions of dialogue analysis and provides principles and guideli
23、nes for extending these sets or selecting coherent subsets of them. Additionally, it provides guidelines for annotators and annotated examples. It is applicable to spoken, written and multimodal dialogues involving two or more participants. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents a
24、re indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 12620:2009, Terminology and other language resources Specification of data catego
25、ries and management of a Data Category Registry for language resources ISO 24610-1:2006, Language resource management Feature structures Part 1: Feature structure representation ISO 24612:2011, Language resource management Linguistic annotation framework 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of t
26、his document, the following terms and definitions apply.1)1) In this document, “he”, “him” and “his” are used in a generic sense, without implying any gender-related distinctions. BS ISO 24617-2:2012ISO 24617-2:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved3.1 addressee dialogue (3.5) participant (3.13) ori
27、ented to by the sender (3.18) in a manner to suggest that his utterances (3.22) are particularly intended for this participant and that some response is therefore anticipated from this participant, more so than from the other participants Note to entry: This definition is a de facto standard in the
28、linguistics literature. It has been slightly modified here, in replacing “speaker” by “sender” and avoiding the use of ambiguous pronouns. Goffmans original definition says: “dialogue participant oriented to by the speaker in a manner to suggest that his utterances are particularly intended for him
29、and that some response is therefore anticipated from him/her, more so than from the other participants”. SOURCE: Goffman (1981). 3.2 allo-feedback act feedback act (3.8) where the sender (3.18) elicits information about the addressees (3.1) processing of an utterance (3.22) that the sender contribut
30、ed to the dialogue (3.5) or where the sender provides information about his perceived processing by the addressee of an utterance that the sender contributed to the dialogue before EXAMPLE A: Now move up. B: Slightly northeast you mean? A: Slightly yeah. A performs an allo-feedback act signalling th
31、at he thinks B understood his first utterance correctly. 3.3 auto-feedback act feedback act (3.8) where the sender (3.18) provides information about his own processing of an utterance (3.22) contributed to the dialogue (3.5) by another participant (3.13) EXAMPLE Bs utterance in the example dialogue
32、fragment in (3.2) signals that he is uncertain whether he understood the previous utterance correctly. 3.4 communicative function property of certain stretches of communicative behaviour, describing how the behaviour changes the information state (3.12) of an understander of the behaviour Note to en
33、try: A communicative function may be “qualified”, i.e. one or more qualifiers (3.14) may be associated with it. For example, an answer may be qualified as “uncertain” and the acceptance of a request may be “conditional”. See 10.3 for explanation and examples. 3.5 dialogue exchange of utterances (3.2
34、2) between two or more persons or artificial conversational systems 3.6 dialogue act communicative activity of a dialogue (3.5) participant (3.13), interpreted as having a certain communicative function (3.4) and semantic content (3.16) Note to entry: A dialogue act may also have certain functional
35、dependence relations (3.10), rhetorical relations (3.15) and feedback dependence relations (3.9) with other units in a dialogue (3.5). 3.7 dimension class of dialogue acts (3.6) that are concerned with a particular aspect of communication, corresponding to a particular category of semantic content B
36、S ISO 24617-2:2012ISO 24617-2:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3EXAMPLE Dialogue acts advancing the task or activity that motivates the dialogue (the Task dimension), dialogue acts providing and eliciting feedback (the Auto- and Allo-Feedback dimensions) and dialogue acts for allocating the spea
37、ker role (the Turn Management dimension). Note to entry: See Clauses 5, 7 and 9 for discussion and more examples. 3.8 feedback act dialogue act (3.6) which provides or elicits information about the senders (3.18) or the addressees (3.1) processing of something that was uttered in the dialogue Note t
38、o entry: Two classes of feedback are distinguished in this part of ISO 24617: allo-feedback acts (3.2) and auto-feedback acts (3.3). 3.9 feedback dependence relation relation between a feedback act (3.8) and the stretch of communicative behaviour whose processing the act provides or elicits informat
39、ion about EXAMPLE In the example that accompanies definition 3.2, both the allo-feedback act expressed by utterance 3 and the auto-feedback act expressed by utterance 2 have a feedback dependence relation to utterance 1. 3.10 functional dependence relation relation between a given dialogue act (3.6)
40、 and a preceding dialogue act on which the semantic content of the given dialogue act depends due to its communicative function (3.4) EXAMPLE The relation between an answer and the corresponding question, such as between utterance 3 and utterance 2 in the example accompanying definition 3.2; or the
41、relation between the acceptance of an offer and the corresponding offer. Note to entry: A dialogue act, A2, may also depend on another dialogue act, A1, occurring earlier in a dialogue because of relations between their semantic contents, e.g. because A2 contains a reference to an element occurring
42、in A1. This is not a functional dependence relation, since it is not due to A2s communicative function. 3.11 functional segment minimal stretch of communicative behaviour that has one or more communicative functions (3.4) EXAMPLE The functional segment corresponding to the answer given by S in the f
43、ollowing dialogue fragment does not include the parts “Just a moment please” and “ let me see.” but only the parts “the first train to the airport on Sunday morning is” and “at 5:45”: 1. U: What time is the first train to the airport on Sunday morning please? 2. S: Just a moment please. the first tr
44、ain to the airport on Sunday morning is let me see. at 5:45. Note 1 to entry: A consequence of this definition is that functional segments may be discontinuous, may overlap or be embedded and may contain parts contributed by different participants. Note 2 to entry: The condition of being “minimal” e
45、nsures that functional segments do not include material that does not contribute to the expression of a communicative function that identifies the segment. 3.12 information state context totality of a dialogue (3.5) participants (3.13) beliefs, assumptions, expectations, goals, preferences, hopes an
46、d other attitudes that may influence the participants interpretation and generation of communicative behaviour 3.13 participant person or artificial agent involved in the exchange of utterances (3.22) BS ISO 24617-2:2012ISO 24617-2:2012(E) 4 ISO 2012 All rights reserved3.14 qualifier predicate that
47、can be associated with a communicative function (3.4) EXAMPLE A: Would you like to have some coffee? B: Only if you have it ready. Bs utterance accepts As offer under a certain condition; this can be described by qualifying the communicative function Accept Offer with the predicate “conditional”. No
48、te to entry: See 10.3 for more examples. 3.15 rhetorical relation relation between two dialogue acts (3.6), indicating a pragmatic connection between the two or between their semantic contents (3.16) EXAMPLE 1 The statement in the second utterance which follows provides a motivation for the question
49、 in the first utterance: A: Can you tell me what flights there are to Sydney on Saturday? Id like to attend my mothers 80th birthday. EXAMPLE 2 A rhetorical relation between the semantic contents of two dialogue act occurs in the following, where the content of Bs statement mentions a cause for the content of As statement: A: I can never find these stupid remote controls B: Thats because they dont have a fixed location Note to entry: Relations such as elaboration, explanation, justification,
