1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 24617-4:2014Language resourcemanagement Semanticannotation framework (SemAF)Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SR)BS ISO 24617-4:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 24617-4:2014.The UK participation in its preparation
2、 was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee TS/1, Terminology.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The Britis
3、h Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 73557 8ICS 01.020Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 20
4、14.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 24617-4:2014 ISO 2014Language resource management Semantic annotation framework (SemAF) Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SR)Gestion de ressources linguistiques Cadre dannotation smantique (SemAF) Partie 4: Rles smantiques (SemAF-SR)INTERNAT
5、IONAL STANDARDISO24617-4First edition2014-08-01Reference numberISO 24617-4:2014(E)BS ISO 24617-4:2014ISO 24617-4:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized other
6、wise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCa
7、se postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 24617-4:2014ISO 24617-4:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions . 12.1 Formal semant
8、ic units 12.2 Conceptual semantic units and relations . 22.3 General linguistic units 33 Abbreviated terms 44 Purpose and justification 45 The nature of semantic roles . 45.1 General . 45.2 Typical examples of semantic roles 66 Metamodel 76.1 Key concepts . 76.2 Introduction to a metamodel for seman
9、tic role annotation .116.3 Criteria for distinguishing semantic roles 126.4 Defining eventuality frames 137 Interactions .147.1 Semantic roles and semantic types 147.2 Complexities . 147.3 The role of context in semantic role assignment 147.4 Fuzzy boundaries between roles 157.5 Multiple classificat
10、ion 157.6 Inheritance relations between semantic roles .158 Guidelines for developing new semantic role frameworks for languages and/or domains .168.1 General 168.2 Mapping from VerbNet to LIRICS . 17Annex A (informative) Specification of ISO semantic roles 19Annex B (informative) Review of existing
11、 frameworks 28Annex C (informative) Specification of the annotation language 37Bibliography .41BS ISO 24617-4:2014ISO 24617-4:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Inte
12、rnational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison wi
13、th ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives
14、, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of
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16、s received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about I
17、SOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.ISO
18、24617 consists of the following parts, under the general title Language resource management Semantic annotation framework (SemAF): Part 1: Time and events (SemAF-Time, ISO-TimeML) Part 2: Dialogue acts Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SR) Part 5: Discourse structure (SemAF-DS) Part 7: Spatial informati
19、on (ISO-Space)The following parts are under preparation: Part 8: Semantic relations in discourse (SemAF-DRel)Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF-Basics) will form the subject of future Part 6.iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 24617-4:2014ISO 24617-4:2014(E)IntroductionThis part of ISO 24617
20、 aims to specify criteria for defining semantic roles (SRs), and is the outcome of an agreement that the various semantic role frameworks being used to support data annotation (e.g. FrameNet, VerbNet, PropBank, EngVallex, and LIRICS, to name only a few examples for English) have strong underlying co
21、mpatibilities. The goal is to provide both an explanation of these compatibilities and a loose mapping between definitions of individual semantic roles, as listed in the different frameworks, that will benefit the community as a whole.The current specification has been developed under the aegis of t
22、he ISO Semantic Annotation Framework (SemAF), where it is known as SemAF-SR.The main parts of ISO 24617-4 consist of the following: Scope; Normative references; Terms and definitions; motivation and requirements; basic concepts and metamodel specifications; examples of mapping existing frameworks to
23、 the metamodel.This part of ISO 24617 contains three informative annexes. In Annex A, the ISO semantic roles are specified. In Annex B, information is provided both on past and current activities in semantic role annotation and on tools and frame files. Annex C contains the abstract and concrete syn
24、tax for the metamodel. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vBS ISO 24617-4:2014BS ISO 24617-4:2014Language resource management Semantic annotation framework (SemAF) Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SR)1 ScopeThe aim of this part of ISO 24617 is to propose a consensual annotation scheme for semantic roles; tha
25、t is to say, a scheme that indicates the role that a participant plays in an event or state, as described mostly by a verb, and typically providing answers to questions such as “who did what to whom”, and when, where, why, and how. This includes not only the semantic relations between a verb and its
26、 arguments but also those relations that are relevant for other predicative elements such as nominalizations, nouns, adjectives, and predicate modifiers; the predicating role of adverbs and the use of coercion fall outside the scope of this part of ISO 24617.NOTE In linguistics, coercion occurs when
27、 the grammatical context causes the language-user to reinterpret all or parts of the semantic and/or formal features of a lexeme that appear in that context.602 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1 Formal semantic units2.1.1argumentfor
28、mal semantic unit that is an essential element of a predicate argument structure (2.1.3) and can have variable instantiations depending on the utteranceNote 1 to entry: An argument corresponds to a participant (2.2.5) of an eventuality (2.2.2) described by the predicate argument structure (2.1.3).No
29、te 2 to entry: Arguments typically satisfy certain argument positions and can be described as being syntactico-semantic notions, whereas participants (2.2.5) are semantico-conceptual. The standard view is that subsets of the participants associated with an eventuality (2.2.2) are selected as argumen
30、ts by the verb (or nominal or adjective) expressing the eventuality (2.2.2). Other participants (2.2.5) are either incorporated or realized as eventuality modifiers (2.2.4).Note 3 to entry: Natural language predicates typically have one, two, or three arguments, although they can have more.2.1.2pred
31、icateformal semantic unit that represents a semantic relation between one or more arguments (2.1.1) in a predicate argument structure (2.1.3)Note 1 to entry: Predicates are indicated by predicative linguistic elements such as verbs, nouns, and adjectives.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24617-4:2014(E) IS
32、O 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 24617-4:2014ISO 24617-4:2014(E)2.1.3predicate argument structureformal representation of the core semantic content of an utterance, consisting of a predicate (2.1.2) constant, and its arguments (2.1.1)Note 1 to entry: In classical logic-based semantics, this corres
33、ponds to predicate argument structures in first-order predicate logic.Note 2 to entry: One of the arguments (2.1.1) can be a variable uniquely identifying the instance of the predicate argument structure to allow references to it in other predicate argument structures.Note 3 to entry: The representa
34、tion of event semantics is subject to many variations; some of them, such as in Reference 41, can have separate predicates (2.1.2) for each semantic role (2.2.6) relation. In this case, the predicate argument structure of an utterance is the sum of the individual predicate semantic role (2.2.6) asse
35、rtions representing the semantic content of the utterance.2.2 Conceptual semantic units and relations2.2.1entityconceptual semantic unit that typically functions as a participant (2.2.5)Note 1 to entry: An entity is an individual such as a person, organization, physical object, or logical entity, as
36、 well as, on occasion, a number, quantity, dimension, or a reification of an eventuality, a property, or a quality, e.g. emotion (anger, love), the value of a colour, etc.2.2.2eventualityevent, state, process, or action which can have participants (2.2.5) and which is being referred to by a verbal,
37、adjectival, or nominal description in an utteranceNote 1 to entry: The formal representation of an eventuality is a predicate argument structure (2.1.3).Note 2 to entry: See ISO 24617-1. An eventuality can also be described as something that can be said to obtain or hold true, to happen or to occur,
38、 as in ISO 24617-1. As such, they can be actual, hypothetical, or generic, covering situations such as “You should go home,” or “He might be Johns brother.”2.2.3eventuality framegeneralized abstract specification of the word sense (2.3.6) associated with an eventuality (2.2.2) in an utteranceNote 1
39、to entry: The frame consists of the specification of (a) a predicate (2.1.2) that can participate in a class hierarchy if such a hierarchy is specified, and (b) the arguments (2.1.1) that this predicate (2.1.2) expects along with their semantic roles (2.2.6).2.2.4eventuality modifierparticular type
40、of participant (2.2.5) that completes the description of an eventuality (2.2.2) but is optional and not essentialNote 1 to entry: Eventuality modifiers are distinct from other types of participants in that they are used in supplying information that is typically more peripheral and more general, for
41、 example, situating the eventuality in time or space.Note 2 to entry: In FrameNet, these would be peripheral frame elements and in PropBank, ArgMs.Note 3 to entry: Eventuality modifiers typically correspond to syntactic adjuncts.2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 24617-4:2014ISO 24617-4:2014(E)2.2
42、.5participantconceptual semantic unit referred to by one or more lexical items in an utterance, which is or can be involved in an eventuality (2.2.2)Note 1 to entry: Both entities (2.2.1) and eventualities (2.2.2) can function as participants.2.2.6semantic rolemode of involvement of a participant (2
43、.2.5) in an eventuality (2.2.2)Note 1 to entry: Semantic roles for specific eventualities are often associated with prototypical semantic relations, e.g. if John causes a breaking event, he is the Agent; if he uses a hammer, it is the Instrument; and someone who receives something is a Recipient (se
44、e Clause 5 for descriptions).2.3 General linguistic units2.3.1lemmalemmatized formconventional form chosen to represent a lexeme (2.3.2)Note 1 to entry: See ISO 24611.2.3.2lexemefundamental unit, generally associated to a set of word forms sharing a common meaningNote 1 to entry: See ISO 24611.2.3.3
45、lexical entrycontainer for managing a set of word forms and possibly one or several meanings word senses (2.3.6) to describe a lexeme (2.3.2)Note 1 to entry: See ISO 24611.2.3.4lexiconresource comprising a collection of lexical entries (2.3.3) for a languageNote 1 to entry: See ISO 24611.2.3.5uttera
46、ncestretch of speech about which no assumptions have been made in terms of linguistic theoryNote 1 to entry: See Reference 12.2.3.6word sensemeaning associated with a lexeme (2.3.2) in a contextNote 1 to entry: The river bank sense of bank and the financial institution sense of bank are considered t
47、o be two different word senses, or lexical units, with the same word form, or lexeme (2.3.2). I called him on the radio and Call me a taxi are associated to different word senses of the lexeme (2.3.2)call. Unrelated senses, as in bank, are called homonyms. Senses of the same word form or lexeme whic
48、h are clearly related (and can be difficult to distinguish) are called polysemes, e.g. Coins with an image of the king, preoccupied with body image, evokes a strong mental image. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 24617-4:2014ISO 24617-4:2014(E)3 Abbreviated termsEngVallex English Valency LexiconL
49、IRICS Linguistic Infrastructure for Interoperable Resources and SystemsPropBank Proposition BankSR semantic rolesSRL semantic role labellingWSD word sense disambiguation4 Purpose and justificationSemantic roles are arousing increasing interest in the information-processing community because they make explicit the key conceptual relations of participation between a verb and its arguments; that is to say, they specify who did what to whom, and when, where, why, and how. For English alone, the
