1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationPD CEN/TR 13910:2010Packaging Report on criteriaand methodologies for lifecycle analysis of packagingPD CEN/TR 13910:2010 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTNational forewordThis Published Docume
2、nt is the UK implementation of CEN/TR13910:2010.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PKW/0, Packaging.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
3、provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 69899 6ICS 13.020.60; 55.020Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Published Document was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy
4、 Committee on 30 September 2010.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedPD CEN/TR 13910:2010TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 13910 August 2010 ICS 13.020.60; 55.020 Supersedes CR 13910:2000English Version Packaging - Report on criteria and methodologies for
5、life cycle analysis of packaging Emballage - Rapport sur les critres et mthodologies pour lanalyse du cycle de vie des emballages Verpackung - Bericht ber die Kriterien und Methodik von kobilanzen fr Verpackungen This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 19 June 2010. It has been drawn up by the
6、Technical Committee CEN/TC 261. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portu
7、gal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
8、reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 13910:2010: EPD CEN/TR 13910:2010CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Criteria and methodology for life cycle assessment of packaging 74.1 General 74.2
9、Goal and scope definition .84.2.1 General 84.2.2 Function, functional unit and reference flow . 104.2.3 Allocation . 114.2.4 Data Quality . 144.2.5 Boundary between packaging and the products 144.3 Life cycle inventory analysis . 164.4 Life cycle impact assessment . 164.4.1 General . 164.4.2 Single
10、impact category indicators 164.5 Life cycle interpretation . 174.5.1 General . 174.5.2 Key data points, setting and assumptions 184.5.3 Limitations, uncertainties and significance of results 195 Presentation and communication . 206 Critical review 207 Further requirements and aspects to consider . 2
11、07.1 General limitations of LCA as a tool/method . 207.2 Limitations in the context of specific areas of application of packaging LCAs 207.2.1 General . 207.2.2 Comparative packaging LCAs . 217.2.3 Packaging function and logistics 21Annex A (informative) Cross-references 22Bibliography . 23PD CEN/TR
12、 13910:2010CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 13910:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent righ
13、ts. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CR 13910:2000. This Technical Report defines and describes how to apply Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to packaging and distribution systems. The expression “Life Cycle Analysis“
14、, applied in the EU Packaging Directive, is in this report considered as identical to the concept of “Life Cycle Assessment“ in the EN ISO 14040 standards. This Technical Report has been prepared by the CEN Working Group, CEN/TC 261/SC 4/WG 1/TG 1, which has been considering the aspects of life cycl
15、e assessment specific to packaging, in order to fulfil the “Mandate 200 rev.3 to CEN for Standardisation and a study related to packaging and packaging waste“, requested by the EU Commission. PD CEN/TR 13910:2010CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 4 Introduction Packaging is an integral part of modern society pro
16、viding means for protection, presentation, information and distribution of products to industry, trade and consumers. In 1994 the European Parliament and the European Council adopted a Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste, covering all types of packaging placed on the market in the European Co
17、mmunity and all packaging waste, whether used or released at the industrial, commercial, office, shop, service, household level or at any other level, regardless of the material used. The Directive aims to harmonise national measures concerning the management of packaging and packaging waste in orde
18、r to, on the one hand, prevent any impact thereof on the environment of all Member States, as well as of third countries, or to reduce such impact, thus providing a high level of environmental protection, and, on the other hand, to ensure the functioning of the internal market and to avoid obstacles
19、 to trade, and the distortion and restriction of competition within the European Community. The two objectives are on an equal footing. Article 10 of the Directive states that the European Commission shall promote the preparation of European standards relating to the essential requirements referred
20、to in Annex II of the Directive and, in particular, the preparation of European Standards relating to, among others: criteria and methodologies for life-cycle analysis of packaging. The present Technical Report covers the work of CEN to meet that requirement. PD CEN/TR 13910:2010CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E
21、) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report establishes a set of best practice guidelines for undertaking those aspects of life cycle assessment specific to packaging and distribution systems. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
22、 dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework (ISO 14040:2006) EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental ma
23、nagement Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines (ISO 14044:2006) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. This section defines the LCA and packaging specific terms used in this report. The LCA terms are based on definitions give
24、n in EN ISO 14040:2006, and the packaging terms are based on definitions in the European Parliament and the Council Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC) and terms and definitions referred to in EN 13193 unless stated otherwise. 3.1 life cycle assessment LCA compilation and evaluatio
25、n of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle 3.2 life cycle inventory analysis LCI phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs, for a product throughout its life cycle 3.3 life cyc
26、le impact assessment LCIA phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product 3.4 life cycle interpretation phase of life cycle assessment in which the
27、 findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations 3.5 packaging all items made of any material of any nature to be used for the containment, protection, handling, del
28、ivery and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer PD CEN/TR 13910:2010CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 6 NOTE In this report the goods are referred to as “packaged product“ or just “product“, in order to distinguish it from the packaging. 3.6
29、sales packaging primary packaging packaging conceived so as to constitute a sales unit to the final user or consumer at the point of purchase 3.7 grouped packaging secondary packaging packaging conceived so as to constitute at the point of purchase a grouping of a certain number of sales units wheth
30、er the latter is sold as such to the final user or consumer or whether it serves only as a means to replenish the shelves at the point of sale NOTE It can be removed from the product without affecting its characteristics. 3.8 transport packaging tertiary packaging packaging conceived so as to facili
31、tate handling and transport of a number of sales units or grouped packaging in order to prevent physical handling and transport damage NOTE Transport packaging does not include road, rail, ship and air containers. 3.9 used packaging packaging or packaging material remaining after the removal of the
32、product it contained 3.10 distribution system necessary physical arrangements (packing, storage, transport and merchandising) to bring a product from its manufacturing stage, to its final stage of consumption/use 3.11 collection system necessary physical arrangements (sorting, collecting, transport
33、and storage) to bring used packaging from the point of consumption to the point of reuse, recovery or final disposal 3.12 functional unit of packaging quantified performance of a product system of packaging, for use as a reference unit in an LCA study 3.13 carbon footprint overall amount, expressed
34、in terms of CO2equivalents, of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with a product, using LCA methodology NOTE Carbon footprint essentially coincides with the impact category that has generally been referred to under the name “global warming potential“ (GWP) in mo
35、st LCAs to date. Both terms are meant as a measure of the potential contribution to the global phenomenon of climate change, which may also include regional side-effects such as storms and local cooling. 3.14 critical review process intended to ensure consistency between a life cycle assessment and
36、the principles and requirements of the standards on life cycle assessment PD CEN/TR 13910:2010CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 7 3.15 interested party individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of a product system, or by the results of the life cycle assessment 3.16 allocat
37、ion partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system between the product system under study and one or more other product systems 4 Criteria and methodology for life cycle assessment of packaging 4.1 General According to EN ISO 14040, an LCA shall include the following phases:
38、 definition of goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results, as illustrated in Figure 1, below. Figure 1 Phases of an LCA 1 Life cycle assessment framework Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Direct applications: Produc
39、t development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing Other PD CEN/TR 13910:2010CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 8 Applications LCA can assist in: identifying opportunities to improve the environmental performance of products at various points in their life cycle; informing decision-m
40、akers in industry, government or non-government organizations (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign); the selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance, including measurement techniques; and marketing (e.g. implementing a
41、n ecolabelling scheme, making an environmental claim, or producing an environmental product declaration). It is recommended to address those or other intended applications of a dedicated packaging LCA study in the goal and scope section. 4.2 Goal and scope definition 4.2.1 General The goal and scope
42、 of an LCA study of packaging shall be clearly defined, documented and consistent with the intended application. As illustrated in Figure 1 above, the goal and scope definition should be used as a reference all through the study, and in the reporting of the results. In defining the goal of such an L
43、CA, the following items shall be unambiguously stated: the intended application, the reasons for carrying out the study, the intended audience and whether the results are intended to be used in comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public. In addition, the following comments on how
44、packaging is actually used have to be taken into account. Packaging is always used to pack products, resulting in a strong link between the packaging and the packaged product. Packaging is used to facilitate handling and transportation through the logistic chain, to protect the product, prevent prod
45、uct losses and give relevant information. This means that all packaging items, for example closures, labels, communicative devices (e.g. RFID) and printing inks have to be taken into account. Packaging is one component of a distribution system. A change of packaging will therefore often cause change
46、s in this system, resulting in changes in resource consumption, emissions and hence in the environmental impact of the total system. Following the cradle-to-grave definition in EN ISO 14040:2006, LCA studies of packaging should therefore include the distribution system, the wastage of packaging mate
47、rial and products, the relevant collection systems, as well as recovery and/or disposal operations. Primary, secondary and tertiary packaging have a direct influence upon each others function, construction and dimensions. They are all integral parts of the distribution system and should be included
48、in the LCA. In some cases, the production or use of products may be influenced by a change of packaging, which should also be considered in an LCA study. To assess impact categories for packaging in isolation from the packaged product and the distribution system should therefore be avoided as the pa
49、ckaging system is designed to fulfil its functions in relation to the contained product and the physical distribution system. Most packaging only follows the packaged product through a certain part of its life cycle, hence an LCA of the packaging system should include all the steps of the life cycle of the packaging. The life cycle of a packaging system is illustrated in Figure 2, below. PD CEN/TR 13910:2010CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 9 Figure 2 Illustration of the life cycle of a packagi
