1、PD CEN/TR15569:2009ICS 75.160.10NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLISHED DOCUMENTSolid biofuels Aguide for a qualityassurance systemThis Published Documentwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 31 August2009 BSI 2009ISB
2、N 978 0 580 58187 8Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsPD CEN/TR 15569:2009National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR15569:2009.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organiz
3、ations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.PD
4、 CEN/TR 15569:2009TECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15569July 2009ICS 75.160.10English VersionSolid biofuels - A guide for a quality assurance systemBiocombustibles solides - Guide du systme dassuranceQualitFeste Biobrennstoffe - Leitlinie fr einQualittssicherungssystemThis
5、Technical Report was approved by CEN on 22 January 2007. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 335.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy
6、, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Bruss
7、els 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15569:2009: EPD CEN/TR 15569:2009CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Background 64.1
8、 General 64.2 Purpose of this guide 65 Quality Assurance principles .75.1 General 75.2 Comparison of Quality Control and Quality Assurance 75.3 Previous, Current and Following Processes 85.4 Quality requirements 106 Designing a system for solid biofuels quality assurance 126.1 General . 126.2 Step 1
9、 Description of process chain . 136.3 Step 2 Description of customers requirements 156.4 Step 3 Analysis of quality influencing factors 186.5 Step 4 Identification of Critical Control Points . 206.6 Step 5 Selection of appropriate Quality Assurance measures . 236.7 Step 6 Routines for separate handl
10、ing nonconforming materials and biofuels . 26Annex A (informative) EN ISO 9001:2008 Useful cross references within this guide . 27Annex B (informative) List of CEN/TC 335 Technical Specifications . 28Bibliography . 30PD CEN/TR 15569:2009CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15569:20
11、09) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid Biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. CEN/TC 335 has received a mandate from the European Commission (EC) to develop Standards for solid biofuels. The documents produced by CEN/TC 335 Solid biofuels were based on the inform
12、ation available at the time when they were developed. The BioNorm project (EC part-funded) was designed to provide supporting information to CEN/TC 335 on solid biofuels. Part of the BioNorm Project (ENK6-CT2001-00556) was designed to fill the gaps in the understanding of Quality Assurance in this f
13、ield 16. This guide has been developed from the outcomes of the BioNorm-project by Working Group 2 of CEN/TC 335 and provides information on how to develop and implement a Quality Assurance system within the solid biofuels industry. PD CEN/TR 15569:2009CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 4 Introduction Quality As
14、surance is defined as the “part of Quality Management focussed on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled” (CEN/TS 15234). To achieve this, the processes in the supply chain need to be in control. Effective control can be achieved, if Quality Assurance is being applied by ea
15、ch operator in the supply chain. A well designed Quality Assurance system for solid biofuels can contribute to a more transparent and efficient biofuel market. Based upon the requirements of the customer, and the known strengths and weaknesses of a raw material and a process, operators can demonstra
16、te they have taken the measures to provide the desired quality. This establishes a confidence in the products. In this guide “product” refers to the solid biofuel. Clause 4 sets out the reasoning behind using a Quality Assurance system for solid biofuels, and Clause 6 defines the intentions of this
17、guide and its interconnection with the CEN/TS 15234, Solid Biofuels Fuel Quality Assurance, from now on called “CEN/TS 15234“ in this guide. The terms used in this guide are set out in CEN/TS 14588 and CEN/TS 15234. Clause 7 sets out a step-by-step methodology to help operators within the solid biof
18、uel supply chain to design a Quality Assurance System. The methodologies used in this guide are compliant with the requirements of CEN/TS 15234. However, this guide does not distinguish between different groups of operators (e.g. producer, supplier, etc.); it provides general guidance for the Qualit
19、y Assurance applicable to each group of operators. Annex A provides some guidance on the relevant parts of ISO 9001:2008 1 and Annex B lists CEN/TC 335 Technical Specifications and Technical Reports. It is recommended that a company specific manual is produced to reflect the Quality Assurance System
20、. The guidance and instructions given in this guide are recommendations, not requirements. The requirements to be fulfilled for Quality Assurance are set out in CEN/TS 15234. PD CEN/TR 15569:2009CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 5 1 Scope This guide has been developed to provide information about the Solid Biof
21、uel Quality Assurance, and presents a methodology that helps operators in the solid biofuels industry design an appropriate Quality Assurance system according to their demands. It acts as a supporting document for the application of CEN/TS 15234, Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance, developed by C
22、EN/TC 335. This guide is applicable for all operators dealing with solid biofuels within the scope of CEN/TC 335 from the following sources (CEN/TS 14961): products from agriculture and forestry; vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; vegetable waste from food processing industry; wood waste
23、, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste; fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp
24、 production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered; cork waste. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition
25、 cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 14588:2003, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions CEN/TS 14961:2005, Solid biofuels Fuel specification and classes CEN/TS 15234:2006, Solid biofuels Fue
26、l Quality Assurance 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588:2003 and CEN/TS 15234:2006 (CENTerminology, definitions and descriptions for solid biofuels) and the following apply. 3.1 manual process or site specific document reflecting
27、 all activities related to the quality assurance system implemented and applied in practise 16 PD CEN/TR 15569:2009CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 6 4 Background 4.1 General The term “solid biofuel” encompasses a wide range of materials with different characteristics and properties, as well as supply chains.
28、Standardisation of solid biofuel properties, their sampling and test methodologies will provide tools to facilitate the trade and use of solid biofuels within the market. In order to increase the confidence of customers, it is essential that operators demonstrate that the specified quality is reache
29、d, and that adequate controls are in place throughout the supply chain. The specified quality can be influenced by a series of different factors, including technology and management of the processes. Customers are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of variations in fuel quality; consequently,
30、 large customers often test for properties important to them. In extreme cases, deliveries may be rejected when the quality is outside an agreed specification tolerance. If operators want to avoid such rejections, they should introduce controls at suitable places across the whole supply chain, so ca
31、lled Critical Control Points (see 7.4) By processing consistently, an operator will improve the stability, efficiency and effectiveness of the operation. The Quality Assurance System should be designed to support this. The effect of this will be to reduce the volume of sampling and testing required.
32、 The term “specified quality” refers not only to fuel properties but also to the other customer requirements. Those requirements differ from case to case and can vary greatly. However, most fall within two sets of circumstances: small-scale end-users (especially domestic) who require high-grade fuel
33、s with narrow fuel specifications; large-scale end-users who can take advantage of lower-cost raw materials by the use of appropriately designed, fuel-flexible combustion plant 4. It is important when designing and implementing a Quality Assurance System that it takes into consideration the existing
34、 operation. The Quality Assurance System should follow the process, not vice versa and be aware of the level and amount of sampling and testing required. EXAMPLE: Operational time of the die used in a pellet factory The longer the operational time the die runs in a pellet factory the more detrimenta
35、l effect there is on the pellet quality due to ware on the die holes. Quality Assurance systems should require Quality Control data to be provided to assess the length of time the die has been running and hence the operational running time of each die and a comparison between the dies, can be review
36、ed against expected running times. From this data a number of different conclusions can be drawn and process changes made as appropriate. Companies dealing with solid biofuels cover a wide range of activities. Some buy solid biomass, such as residues from agriculture and/or forestry and convert it i
37、nto higher-grade biofuels, while others only need low-grade biofuels to produce electricity and heat. Each company requires a Quality Assurance System; however, their individual Quality Assurance requirements and systems are likely to be different in each case. This guide is recommended to cover the
38、 supply chain up to the delivery to the end-user. 4.2 Purpose of this guide The purpose of this guide is to be of help when designing a Fuel Quality Assurance system based on CEN/TS 15234. The approach and methods used in this guide are compatible with CEN/TS 15234 and gives an overview of the most
39、relevant clauses in CEN/TS 15234 (see Table 1). PD CEN/TR 15569:2009CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 7 For those using or contemplating using EN ISO 9000:2005 2 this document aims at bridging the gap between the generalised text of EN ISO 9001:2008 and the specific needs of operators in the solid biofuel marke
40、t. This guide does not discuss adaptations to production processes, nor does it set any pre-conditions in respect of specific technologies or technological processes. 5 Quality Assurance principles 5.1 General Quality Management EN ISO 9000:2005/EN ISO 9001:2008 is based on four elements, as shown i
41、n Figure 1 below. The application of these elements and their different measures depends on the individual circumstances. Figure 1 EN ISO 9000:2005 - Main elements of Quality Management Each of these elements has its own measures and approaches. The Technical Specification for Fuel Quality Assurance
42、 (CEN/TS 15234) covers Quality Control and Quality Assurance. 5.2 Comparison of Quality Control and Quality Assurance It is important to understand the differences between Quality Control and Quality Assurance. Quality Control is fundamentally about controlling the quality of a product or process to
43、 enable the delivery of the product or service within agreed parameters in the most efficient and effective way. The consequences of having good Quality Control will be a cost effective product and process. EXAMPLE 1: Quality control of a pellet factory A pellet factory operator will sample and reco
44、rd the pellet moisture content over the shift. If the moisture alters outside given parameters the process will be adjusted to bring the moisture content back within specification. If the process of drying the feedstock is known to be problematic and the operator does not monitor the moisture conten
45、t in an appropriate timescale, the company could have produced many hours worth of non-conforming pellets before the issue is picked up. If the problem occurred in the first hour and the test is carried out at the end of a twelve-hour shift, there could be eleven hours worth of product that is non-c
46、onforming. This is potentially very costly to the company. EXAMPLE 2: Quality control of a wood chip producer A wood chip producer has an agreement with a customer to provide no more than 5 % oversized chips. When the chipper blades are blunt the producer knows the chipper makes out of specification
47、 chips. If the producer has a tendency to keep using the same blades without sharpening them or changing them to reduce the chippers downtime, the consequences could be to produce more than the 5 % oversized chips that the customer requires, with Quality ManagementQuality Planningfocused on:Setting
48、quality objectivesand specifying necessary operational processes and resourcesrequired to fulfil the quality objectivesQuality Controlfocused on:Fulfilling qualityrequirementsQuality Assurancefocused on:Providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilledQuality Improvementfocused on:Inc
49、reasing the ability to fulfil quality requirementsPD CEN/TR 15569:2009CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 8 the potential outcome of the chips being rejected, a blending of additional material has to take place or a reduction in price to keep the customer happy. Quality Assurance on the other hand, is about reviewing the products and processes, primarily through data provided from the Quality Control records and using this data a) to establish that products are produced within the required spec
