1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationDD CEN/TS 15405:2010Solid recovered fuels Determination of density ofpellets and briquettesDD CEN/TS 15405:2010 DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTNational forewordThis Draft for Development i
2、s the UK implementation of CEN/TS 15405:2010. It supersedes DD CEN/TS 15405:2006 which iswithdrawn.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publicationsand is of a provisional nature. It should be applied on thisprovisiona
3、l basis, so that information and experience of its practicalapplication can be obtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Developmentare requested so that UK experience can be reported to theinternational organization responsible for its conversion toan international standard. A review
4、 of this publication willbe initiated not later than 3 years after its publication by theinternational organization so that a decision can be taken on itsstatus. Notification of the start of the review period will be made inan announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.According to th
5、e replies received by the end of the review period,the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support theconversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of theTechnical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sentto the Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical C
6、ommittee at BritishStandards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purp
7、ort to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 69901 6ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This Draft for Development was published under the authority ofthe St
8、andards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2010.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedDD CEN/TS 15405:2010TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15405 September 2010 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15405:2006English Version Solid recove
9、red fuels - Determination of density of pellets and briquettes Combustibles solides de rcupration - Mthode de dtermination de la densit des granuls et des briquettesFeste Sekundrbrennstoffe - Bestimmung der Dichte von Pellets und Briketts This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on
10、12 June 2010 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members a
11、re required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possi
12、ble conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, N
13、orway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any fo
14、rm and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15405:2010: EDD CEN/TS 15405:2010CEN/TS 15405:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Principle 55 Apparatus .66 Sampling and sample preparation .87
15、 Procedure .88 Calculation 99 Precision 1010 Test report . 10Annex A (informative) Correction values for the density of water as a function of temperature 11Annex B (informative) Volume determination of regularly shaped briquettes by stereometry 12Bibliography . 14DD CEN/TS 15405:2010CEN/TS 15405:20
16、10 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15405:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or C
17、ENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15405:2006. CEN/TS 15405:2006 is not be converted into a European Standard as the test method specified in this document was not validated (see 1, 2). This document differs from CEN/TS
18、 15405:2006 mainly as follows: a) number of replicate tests changed to two replications; b) whole document editorially revised. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austr
19、ia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. D
20、D CEN/TS 15405:2010CEN/TS 15405:2010 (E) 4 Introduction This Technical Specification specifies a method for the determination of particle density where the required volume is measured by the buoyancy in a liquid. The parameter particle density is not an absolute value, therefore conditions for its d
21、etermination should be standardised in order to gain comparative measuring results. Practical experience shows that for briquettes, the method specified is also replaceable by a similar measurement applying a gravimetrical determination of the volume via the displaced liquid. In this case, the conta
22、iner with the liquid is not positioned underneath the balance as specified in this Technical Specification but is placed onto the balance which would then have to carry a higher total mass (at the same accuracy requirements). For all other requirements (e.g. for the wetting agent), the procedure as
23、outlined in this Technical Specification should be followed, except, that the Equation for density calculation shall be modified accordingly. This Technical Specification is based on CEN/TS 15150. DD CEN/TS 15405:2010CEN/TS 15405:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Specification specifies a method for
24、 the determination of particle density of irregularly shaped pieces of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. It is not applicable to soft or semi-soft pellets. NOTE 1 The term soft pellet is defined in CEN/TS 15639. NOTE 2 Particle density is subject to variation due to the susceptibility
25、of organic material to environmental or technical impacts such as air humidity, vibration, abrasion or biodegradation. Therefore, particle density can vary during time thus the measured values should be regarded as a momentary fuel property. NOTE 3 At the time of preparing this document, the product
26、ion of briquettes of solid recovered fuels could not be identified in the European market. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Technical Specification. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, th
27、e latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. prEN 15357:2008, Solid recovered fuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions prEN 15442, Solid recovered fuels Methods for sampling prEN 15443, Solid recovered fuels Methods for the preparation of the laboratory samp
28、le CEN/TS 15359, Solid recovered fuels Specifications and classes CEN/TS 15414-1, Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method CEN/TS 15414-2, Solid recovered fuels Determination of moisture content us
29、ing the oven dry method Part 2: Determination of total moisture by a simplified procedure 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN 15357:2008 apply. 4 Principle Both mass and volume of an individual particle or a group of particles are determ
30、ined. The volume is measured by determining the buoyancy in a liquid. This procedure follows the physical principle that the buoyancy of a body is equal to the mass of the displaced volume of a liquid. The apparent loss in mass between a measurement in air and a subsequent measurement in liquid mark
31、s its buoyancy. The volume of the sample body is calculated via the density of the applied liquid. DD CEN/TS 15405:2010CEN/TS 15405:2010 (E) 6 5 Apparatus 5.1 General apparatus requirements 5.1.1 Thermometer for liquids, with an accuracy of 1 C. 5.1.2 Facilities for the determination of moisture con
32、tent in accordance with CEN/TS 15414-2. 5.2 Apparatus for pellet testing 5.2.1 Balance, readable to 0,001 g. Due to the high sensitivity of the balance, the test rig shall be placed into a wind protection cabinet to allow undisturbed and immediate reading of the displayed values. 5.2.2 Beaker glass,
33、 transparent, with a filling volume of about 200 ml. 5.2.3 Thermometer for liquids, with an accuracy of 1 C. 5.2.4 Rig for the determination of density, capable of being placed on the balance. The rig shall be consisted of a bridge which overstretches the weighing plate of the balance in order to pr
34、event the balance from being loaded. The bridge shall be capable of carrying the beaker glass (5.2.2). Through a supporting frame with suspension rods, a weighing dish (submergence dish“) shall be hung into the beaker glass (see Figure 1) which is filled with liquid. The dish shall be able to accomm
35、odate four pellets at once. Both the supporting frame and the submergence dish shall be directly loaded on the balance plate. The submergence apparatus (the dish and the suspension) shall be able to be removed for being loaded with pellets. The submergence depth shall always be kept constant through
36、 the dish suspension. The bottom of the submergence dish shall be perforated by openings which are smaller in diameter than the diameter of the pellets. This perforation allows the liquid to fill the dish from underneath if it is submerged. If sample material of low density shall be applied ( 1,0 g/
37、cm3), a modified suspension with an inverted submergence dish is required; this is to prevent pellets from floating atop of the liquid. For the determination of the mass in air, it is advantageous to use a combined test rig where an additional upper weighing dish is fixed (see Figure 1). Key 1 weigh
38、ing dish, for weighing in air 5 weighing plate 2 pellets 6 beaker glass 3 bridge 7 dish suspension 4 perforated submergence dish, for weighing in water 8 supporting frame Figure 1 Buoyancy determination rig on a balance (method for pellets) DD CEN/TS 15405:2010CEN/TS 15405:2010 (E) 7 5.3 Apparatus f
39、or briquette testing 5.3.1 Balance, readable to 0,01 g. If briquettes of more than 500 g each shall be tested, the readability of the balance may be reduced to 0,1 g. The balance shall have a connecting point for hanging a weight to its load cell. 5.3.2 Container, transparent, for liquids, with a su
40、fficient filling volume to accommodate the liquid and the submerged briquette. NOTE A sufficient filling volume is usually achieved when the cross section of the container is about eight times larger than the cross section of the briquette. In this case, any effects by level changes of the liquid ca
41、used by submersion of the briquette are negligible. Such deviation would arise due to a larger part of the holding steel string being submerged. 5.3.3 Thin steel string, non absorbent, able to be hung to the connecting point of the balance; the end of the string is equipped with a hook or a ring all
42、owing an easy appending of the sample. 5.3.4 Tripod, for placing the balance on, having a plate with an opening allowing the string to pass through unhindered while hanging to the balance (see Figure 2). Key 1 carrying plate with opening 5 test sample (briquette) 2 balance 6 connecting ring or hook
43、3 steel string 7 tripod 4 liquid container Figure 2 Buoyancy determination rig using a hanging load to a balance (method for briquettes) 5.3.5 Steel support device, e.g. a steel loop, allowing to fix the briquette to the lower connecting point of the string. 5.3.6 Removable weight, in the case of te
44、sting a sample material of low density ( 1,0 g/cm3), placed onto the sample in a way which prevents the briquette from floating atop of the liquid. DD CEN/TS 15405:2010CEN/TS 15405:2010 (E) 8 6 Sampling and sample preparation The sample shall be taken and prepared in accordance with prEN 15442, prEN
45、 15443, CEN/TS 15414-1 and CEN/TS 15414-2. The sample size shall be at least 500 g for pellets and 15 pieces for briquettes, respectively. A sub-sample of minimum 40 pellets or 10 briquettes shall be selected from the fuel and stored at room temperature before measuring. 7 Procedure 7.1 Procedure fo
46、r pellets This procedure shall be used up to a pellet diameter of 25 mm in accordance with CEN/TS 15359. The following steps shall be carried out: a) fill the beaker glass (5.2.2) with water to a filling level which ensures that full submersion of all pellets on the submergence dish is achievable; b
47、) add a volume fraction of 2 % of liquid soap to the water in the beaker glass (5.2.2) and stir until full homogeneity of the liquid is achieved. Position the beaker glass with the liquid onto the bridge of the rig (5.2.4); c) determine the temperature of the liquid using the thermometer (5.1.1). Wa
48、it until the liquid reaches constant room temperature and record the measurement to the nearest 1 C; d) determine the total mass of a group of four pellets in air and record the measurement to the nearest 0,001 g; e) position the empty submergence apparatus onto the designated bracket of the support
49、ing frame. The submergence apparatus shall not touch the bottom of the beaker glass (5.2.2); f) tare the balance to zero while the empty submergence dish is below liquid surface at maximum depth; g) remove the submergence apparatus and place the same four pellets as measured as specified in d) onto the submergence dish and carefully place it back onto the designated bracket of the supporting frame; h) while the group of pellets is submerged in the liquid, read the total mass from the balance and re
