1、 - CIE 81 89 I 900bLLt5 0003806 249 ISBN 3 900 734 16 X COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIRAGE INTERNATIONAL COMM ISSION ON I LLUM IN ATION INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMM ISSION MESOPIC PHOTOMETRY: HISTORY, SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS Publ. No CIE 81 1st Edition 1989 UDC: 61 2.843.362.
2、3 Descriptors: Mesopic vision 61 2.843.363.22 CIE curve 61 2.843.364.2 Night value curve 61 2.843.365 535.242 Subjective photometry Photometry from the physiological point of view CIE 81 89 E 9006145 O003807 185 = II This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 1-01 of Division
3、 1 Vision and Colour and has been approved by the Council of the Commission Internationale de 1Eclairage for study and application. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by the CIE membership and
4、 other interested par- ties. It should be noted, however, that the status of this document is advisory and not mandatory. The la- test CIE proceedings or Journal should be consulted regardmg possible subsequent amendments. Ce rapport technique a t prpar par le Comit Technique CIE 1-01 de la Division
5、 1 Vision et couleur et a t approuv par le Conseil de la Commission Internationale de lEclairage, pour tude et applica- tion. Le document traite des connaissances courantes et de lexprience dans le domaine spcifique indi- qu de la lumire et de lclairage, et il est tabli pour lusage des membres de la
6、 CIE et autres groupe- ments intresss. I1 faut cependant noter que ce document est indicatif et non obligatoire. Pour connaitre dventuels amendements, consulter les plus rcents comptes rendus ou le Journal de la CIE. Dieser Technische Bericht ist vom CIE-Technischen Komitee 1-01 der Division 1 Sehen
7、 und Farbe aus- gearbeitet und vom Rat der Commission Internationale de lEclairage gebiUigt worden. Das Dokument berichtet ber den derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und Erfahrung in dem behandelten Gebiet von Licht und Beleuchtung; es ist zur Verwendung durch CIE-Mitglieder und durch andere Interessiert
8、e bestimmt. Es sollte jedoch beachtet werden, da das Dokument eine Empfehlung und keine Vorschrift ist. Die neuesten CIE-Tagungsberichte oder das neueste CIE-Journal sollten im Hinblick auf mgliche sptere nderungen zu Rate gezogen werden. Any mention of organisations or products does not imply endor
9、sement by the CIE. Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of any lists, up to the time of going to press, these may not be comprehensive. Toute mention dorganisme ou de produit nimplique pas une prfrence de la CIE. Malgr le soin apport la compilation de tous les documents jusqu la misc
10、sous presse, ce travail ne saurait tre exhaustif. Die Erwahnung von Organisationen oder Erzeugnissen bedeutet keine Bali- gung durch die CIE. Obgleich groe Sorgfalt bei der Erstellung von Verzeich- nissen bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung angewendet wurde, ist es mglich, da diese nicht vollstndig si
11、nd. O CIE 1989 CIE 81 89 900b145 0003808 011 W III Mesopic Photometry: History, Special Problems and Practical Solutions Foreword The foliowing members of TC 1-01, Mesopic Photometry, took part in the preparation of this technical report. The committee comes under CIE Division 1, Vision and Colour.
12、Members: JO Ann S. bey Mitsuo Ikeda David Palmer Ken Sagawa Pat Trezona Advisors and Consultants: H. W. Bodmm C. Bourdy P. Kaiser G. Verriest F. Vinot H. Yaguchi Chairman, United States Japan England Japan England Germany, Federal Republic France Canada Belgium France Japan TABLE OF CONTENTS PT Earl
13、y Attempts at Measurement in the Mesopic Range . 1 The Current Status 2 The Lack of Equivalence between Brightness and Luminance 3 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 2 PROBLXM AREAS IN MESOPIC PHOTOMETRY 3 2.1 Failure of Additivity 3 2.2 2.3 Individual Differences in Sensibvity ,.,.,.,.,.,.,.4 3 CURRENT SYSTEMS
14、 5 3.1 S temsUtili7jnlrTwoVariabIes ;. 5 3.1.2 3.1.3 Palmers Method and l! ests of the Various Y“ stems 12 3.2 S terns Utilizing Four Variables . fi 3.1.1 $e Method Devised by Ikeda and Colleagues 6 3.2.1 Xe Method Devised by Kokoschka and Colleagues 16 The Method Devised b Sagawa and Colle . 8 3.2.
15、2 The Method Devised by Tremna . 17 4 DISCUSSION . 20 5 RECOMMENDATIONS 21 6 APPENDICES 6.1 6.2 F Coefficients for Kokoschkas S tem . .23 6.3 Luminous Efficiency Functions Required by Various Models . .22 Factors for Converting between r uminance and Trolands 24 7 REFERENCES . 25 CIE 81 89 I 900b145
16、 0003809 T58 IV Mesopic Photometry: History, Special Problems and Practical Solutions ABSTRACT This report is a summary of information concerning the measurement of light at levels between those of photopic vision, where V(X) applies, and scotopicvision, for which V(A) is used. There is currently no
17、 of- ficial CIE system recommended for measuring iight at these mesopic levels. Consequently many people use photopic photometers, a fact which results in improper evaluation of the iight from many of the newer sources of illumination. This report contains a history of CIE sqgestions, a discussion o
18、f the special problems involved, and descriptions of five current systems proposed for evaluation, together with examples of the calcula- tions required. Photometrie msopique: Historique, problmes spcifiques et solutions pratiques. R$SUM$ Ce rapport est un rsum de connaissances relatives la mesure d
19、e la lumire aux niveaux intermdiaires entre ceux de la Vision photopique, pour lesquels la relation V(A) est applicable et ceux de la vision SCO- topique, pour lesquels la relation V(A) est utilisable. I1 nexiste a pas de mthode officielle CIE recommande gnralement pour mesurer la lumire ces niveaux
20、 msopiques. En consquence, beaucoup de personnes font usage de photomtres photopiques, ce qui conduit une valuation incorrecte de la lumire mise par de nombreuses sources nouvelles dclairage. Ce rapport contient: un historique des suggestions faites par la CIE, une discussion sur les problmes spcifi
21、ques poss et la description de cinq mthodes courantes proposes pour lvaluation de la lumire, ainsi que des examples des calcuis quelles impliquent Mesopic Photometry: Geschichte, spezielle Probleme und praktische Lsungen ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Bericht enthalt eine Zusammenfassung des Wissens ber die
22、 Photometrie im Adaptationsbereich zwischen photopischem Sehen, wo die Funktion V(A) gilt, und skotopischem Sehen, wo die Funktion V(A) angewendet wird. Fur diesen mesopkchen Adaptationsbereich gibt es demit kein offizielles CIE-System der Photometrie. Folgich werden oft Photometer fir das photopisc
23、he Sehen verwendet, mit dem Ergeb- nis, da das Licht von vielen neueren Lichtquellen falsch bewertet wird. Dieser Bericht enthalt eine bersicht ber die bisherigen CIE-Vorschlge, eine Diskussion der spezifischen Problematik und eine Beschreibung von fnf derzeitigen Systemen, die zur Erprobung vor- ge
24、schlagen werden, zusammen mit Beispielen fr die notwendigen Berechnungen. CIE 81 89 9006145 0003810 T 1 INTRODUCTION The goal of this report is to summarize the information that is currently available on the measurement of light at mesopiclevels of intensity. Mesopic refers to light levels covering
25、a range of several log units, which are neither completely photopic (for which the use of V(A) may be appropriate) nor scotopic (for which V(A) should be employed). This covers an approxhate range of luminance from some hundredths or less of a cd/m2 to at least several dm2. There is no official CIE
26、method available for assessing lights at these levels, although there is a long history of CIE involvement in this area and a number of different methods have been suggested for trial at different periods of time. A major reason for the lack of a system of mesopic photometry is the extreme complexit
27、y of the subject. In keeping with standard CIE definitions of light, it is desirable that the measured quantities not be arbitrary, such as values of radiant power, but rather they should be meaningfully related to vision. Thus a greater luminance must refer to a more effective stimulus for vision t
28、han alesser 1uminance.For photopic vision, this is achieved by integrating the radiant power distribution With V(A) and for scotopicvision, with V(A). For mesopic vision, no one luminous efficiency curve will suffice but rather there are a whole fam- ily of curves, which change both in shape and in
29、maximum sensitivity, as the light level is reduced from photopic to scotopic (Wright, 1946; bey, 1955; 1958). Since mesopic, by definition, includes both rod and cone vision, it shares all the problems of photopic photometry. From photopic vision, one can expect additivity failures, a lack of equiva
30、lence be- tween brightness and luminance, and two general types of luminous efficiency curve dependent upon the visuai criteria employed. Many of these problems have been addressed in the report, Light as a True Vis- ual Quantity, Principles of Measurement by TC 1.4, Vision (CE, 1978), and will not
31、be repeated here. Mesopic photometry gains further complexity fiom the combination of the photopic and scotopic systems, with the appropriate luminous efficiency cuve dependent upon the size and configuration of the area of stimulation. AU of these, together with the important problem of individual
32、merences in sensitivity, must be addressed in any complete system of mesopic light measurement. 1.1 Early Attempts at Measurement in the Mesopic Range There are a number of solutions possible to the question of how radiant power should be evaluated in the mesopic range of intensities. The most obvio
33、us is to derive luminous efficiency or visiiiiity functions for monochromatic lights in the mesopic range and to evaluate the radiant power distribution of the light under test by integration in a way completely analogous to that used for photopic and scotopic luminance. This was the first system to
34、 be proposed for trial by the CIE; many mesopic luminous efficiency curves were available in the literature and a representative set was standardized for use with the spectral power distribution of a source (CIE, 1964). Such a technique, because of additivity failures, gives oniy a first order appro
35、ximation of the effec- tiveness of the radiation for vision (except for monochromatic fights, for which it is necessariiy exact). Fur- thermore it is not a convenient method; one must measure the spectral power distribution of the source in question and then apply the appropriate curve. The alternat
36、ive, a battery of photocells and correcting filters to simulate the spectral sensitivity of the mesopic observer is cumbersome. Even if one had the in- strumentation available to assess the power distribution, the choice of fiiters or curves cannot be known until the measurement is made, so that the
37、 actual assessment of the light would have to be done by a pro- cess of iteration. The use ofvisuai photometry together with the concept of equivalent luminance is another possible technique. This too was suggested by a technical group of the CIE. (CIE, 1964; 1968). A photometric match was to be mad
38、e between the unknown source and a given standard (i this case, a Eght source of 2042 K of a specific size and configuration); the unknown is then given the equivaent luminance of the standard that it matches. This technique is theoretically valuable since it can be used for the specification of any
39、 distribution of energy at any light level. Again the procedure did not meet with acceptance: visual photometry had been superseded by instrumental photometry. Furthermore, even if the user could be educated as to the value of the visual method (the appropriate spectral sensitivity curve is automati
40、cally employed), there were no visuai photometers available with the necessary large field size and extensive range of adjustments. A different type of approach was suggested by Palmer at the CIE meeting in Washington in 1967, that of a non-linear average of photopic andscotopic luminances. Since th
41、ese two represent the limits, be- tween which the unknown mesopic luminance must lie, an average of the two, weighted toward the photopic or the scotopic value, whichever is closer to the mesopic level being measured, shouid provide a reasonable value (Palmer, 1966; 1967; 1968). Several empirical fo
42、rmulae have been tested since then in an attempt to find the best predictor; the tests consist of brightness matches made between a variety of 1 CIE 81 9 Ei 9006145 0003811 606 different lights at mesopic levels (Palmer, 1974). In addition, several investigators from Japan have pro- posed various fo
43、rmulae for combining photopic and scotopic measurements to predict mesopic effective- ness. Another approach is exempiied by the work of Kokoschka (1972b), which uses four variables rather than just two, the four being Xia, Yio, Zio (tristimulus values from the CIE 1964 color matching functions) and
44、 the scotopic function. The system was based upon empirically determined spectral sensi- tivity curves over a mesopic range of four log units; these data were subjected to a factor anaiysis which revealed four factors and it was an easy step to assume that they represented the activity of the three
45、cones and the rods (Kokoschka, 1972a; Kokoschka and Adrian, 1974). The system of Trezona (1970; 1974; Clarke and Trezona, 1975) likewise is based upon the use of four variables, the inputs of the three cones and the rods; this system however was derived from tetra- chromatic colour matching function
46、s. Since a system based upon the independent contributions of the various cones and the rods need not assume that they respond together, it in principie offers the greatest degree of accuracy. 1.2 The Current Satus Since there is today no system recommended by the CIE for mesopic photometry, common
47、practice em- ploys ordinary photopic photometers for the measurement of light at mesopic levels. Unfortunately, many of these instruments have a range of response that ex if measured with a photopic light meter, this sensitivity is reflected in relatively high readings. With a decrease in light to m
48、esopic levels, the sensitivity of the eye is dramatically reduced; the resultant appearance is much dimmer than expected from the photopic values. Even greater discrepancies can be found in the measurement of red lights such as are employed in ship or plane control-rooms. Although a great deal of in
49、formation concerning the measurement of luminance at mesopic levels was amassed during the two decades foilowing the rst proposals by technical groups of the CIE, it was unfortunately true, in 1983, that the complexities of the situation stiil precluded an officiai recommenda- tion in the immediate future, It was therefore decided at the meeting in Amsterdam to set up a technical committee whose sole purpose would be to prepare a technical report on the de
