1、CECW-EH-D Engineer Manual 1110-2-1610 Department of the Army U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Engineering and Design HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF LOCK CULVERT VALVES Distri but ion Restrict ion Statement Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. EM 1110-2-1610 10 July 1989
2、 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ENGINEER MANUAL EM 11 10-2-1 61 O 15 AUGUST 1975 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF LOCK CULVERT VALVES DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYCORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS Provided by IHS
3、Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-DAEN-CWE-H Engineer Manual No. 1110-2-1610 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington, D. C. 20314 EM 1110-2-1610 15 August 1975 Engineering and Design HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF LOCK CULVERT VALVES 1
4、. Purpose. The purpose of this manual is to present hydraulic design data on control valves for navigation lock filling and emptying systems. 2. Applicability. This manual applies to all field operating agencies concerned with Civil Works design, construction, and operational maintenance. 3. General
5、. This manual is a guide in the design of control valves for navigation lock filling and emptying systems. FOR THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS: Initial Edition Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-DAEN-CWE-H Engineer Manual NO. 1110-2-1610 DEPARTME
6、NT OF THE ARMY Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington, D. C. 203114 EM 1110-2-1610 15 August 1975 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN Hydraulic Design of Lock Culvert Valves Table of Contents Paraaraph Paae CHAPTER 2. AIR IN CULVERT SYSTEMS Experience with Air in Culvert System- Recent Field Tests of Cavita
7、tion Conditions- Selection of Elevation for Culvert Valves- Conclusions and Recommendations Regarding Admission of Air into Culvert System- Design of Air Vents- 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-1 3-la 3-lb 3-lc 3-ld 3-le 3-1 f 3-2 3-3 4-1 4-2 14-3 4-4 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-3 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-6 2-7
8、 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-9 3-9 3-1 O 3-1 1 3-1 1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 i Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-EM 1110-2-1610 15 Aug 75 Paraaraph CHAPTER 5. APPENDIX A. APPENDIX B. APPENDIX C. RECESSES FOR UNWATERING BULKHEADS 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-1 5-1 5-1 A
9、- 1 B-1 C-l ii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-EM 1110-2-1610 15 Aug 75 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose. The purpose of this manual is to present data accrued from experience and research that may be useful to Corps of Engineers
10、hydraulic designers concerned with the design of control valves for navigation lock filling and emptying systems. Primarily, the objective is to consider the hydrodynamic forces that enter into the design of valves. However, the interrelationship of structural features, opera- tional procedures, and
11、 hydraulic performance will be discussed when pertinent to an understanding of the problems involved. Consideration will be given only to valves used to control flow in relatively long culverts. Valves in tubes with a length less than about 5 diameters, such as might be installed in or around the lo
12、ck service gates, present a somewhat different type of design problem than those installed in longer culverts;, and since they are rarely used in any but very low-lift modern locks, they will be omitted from the discussion. Service gates which in themselves either constitute the primary filling syst
13、em or are used as auxiliary devices, such as vertical-lift gates, tainter gates, sector gates, bascule gates, etc., also will not be treated in this manual. 1-2. Applicability. The provisions of this manual are applicable to Corps of Engineers Divisions and Districts concerned with civil works desig
14、n, construction, and operational maintenance. 1-3. References. a. Picket-t, E. B., “Hydraulic Prototype Tests of Tainter Valve, McNary Lock, Columbia River, Washington,“ Technical Report No. 2-552, Jun 1960, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, P. O. Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi
15、39180. b. U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, “Vacuum Tank Tests of Model Tainter Valve for McNary Dam,“ Technical Memorandum No. 2-282, Jun 1949, Vicksburg, Miss. c. U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, “John Day Tests“ (in preparation) , Vicksburg, Miss. d. Fidel
16、man, S., “Filling and Emptying Systems for Walter F. George Lock, Chattahoochee River, Alabama-Georgia; Hydraulic Model Investigation, Hydraulic Laboratory Report No. 73, Sep 1961, U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, St. Paul, Minn.; prepared by St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, 3625 22nd
17、Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn. 55407. 1-1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-EM 1110-2-1610 15 Aug 75 e. Ables, J. H., Jr., “Intake Studies, Dardanelle Lock, Arkansas River, Arkansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation,“ Technical Report No. 2-57
18、3, Jul 1961, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Ex- periment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss. f. Ables, J. H., Jr., and Murphy, T. E., “Culvert Tainter Valves, New Lock-Nom. 19, Mississippi River; Hydraulic Model Investi- gation,“ Technical Report No. 2-537, Jun 1961, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experimen
19、t Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss. g. Ables, J. H., Jr., and Schmidtgall, T., “Filling and Emptying System, New Poe Lock, St. Marys River, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; Hydraulic Model Investigation,“ Technical Report No. 2-561, Apr 1961, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, M
20、iss. h. Murphy, T. E. and Ables, J. H., Jr., “Lock Filling and Emptying System, Holt Lock and Dam, Warrior River, Alabama; Hydraulic Model Investigation,“ Technical Report No. 2-698, Nov 1965, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss. i. U. S. Army Engineer District, Por
21、tland, “Navigation Lock for McNary Dam, Columbia River, Oregon and Washington; Hydraulic Model Investigation, Report No. 26-1, May 1955, Portland, Oreg.; prepared by North Pacific Division Hydraulic Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon 97008. j. Fidelman, S., “Filling and Emptying Systems for Barkley Lock
22、, Cumberland River, Kentucky; Hydraulic Model Investigation,“ Hydraulic Laboratory Report No. 75, Jun 1963, U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, St. Paul, Minn.; prepared by St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minn. k. U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, “Barkle
23、y Prototype Tests“ (in preparation) , Vicksburg, Miss. 1. Ables, J. H., Jr., and Boyd, M. B., “Filling and Emptying System, Cannelton Main Lock, Ohio River, and Generalized Tests for Sidewall Port Systems for 110- by 1200-ft Locks; Hydraulic Model Investigation,“ Technical Report No. 2-713, Feb 1966
24、, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss. m. American Society of Civil Engineers, “Manual on Lock Valves,“ 1-2 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-EM 1110-2-1610 15 Aug 15 Manuals of Engineering Practice No.
25、 3,1930, Committee on Lock Valves, Waterways Division, New York, N. Y. n. Murphy, T. E., “Hydraulic Model Investigation of Lock Culvert Valves,“ Jan 1942, Special Engineering Division, Panama Canal Zone, Diablo Heights, Canal Zone. 1-4. Typical Filling and Emptying System. The most common type of fi
26、lling and emptying system used in modern locks has a longitudinal cul- vert in each lock wall extending from the upper pool to the lower pool, with a streamlined intake at the upstream end and a diffusion device at the downstream end. Flow is distributed from the longitudinal culverts in and out of
27、the lock chamber by short ports or secondary culverts in the floor of the lock chamber. Two valves are required in each longi- tudinal culvert, one between the intake and the lock chamber manifold to release flow in the filling operation, and the other between the chamber manifold and the discharge
28、diffuser to empty the lock chamber. 1-5. Types of Lock Valves. a. In 1930 the America; Society of Civil Engineers published a manual on lock culvert valves which described valves at 12 projects, “all of reasonably recent construction. At these 12 projects, seven types of valves were used, namely sto
29、ney gate, cylindrical, wagon body, butterfly, spool, slide gate, and tainter. However, since about 1930, tainter valves (an adaptation of the tainter gate developed by Jeremiah B. Tainter and patented by him in 1885 for control of flows over spill- way crests) have been used almost exclusively in hy
30、draulic systems of major locks in North America. Among the first locks in which tainter valves were used are Lock No. 2 on the Mississippi River, completed in 1930, and the Welland Ship Canal Locks in Canada, completed in 1933. The valves in these and several other installations were oriented in the
31、 manner of the conventional tainter gate, that is, with the trunnions downstream of the skin plate causing the convex surface of the skin plate to face the flow and seal along the upstream end of the valve well. When the Pickwick Lock on the Tennessee River was being designed for a lift of 65 ft, mo
32、del tests showed that during the opening period the pressure gradient immediately downstream of the valve skin plate dropped below the top of the culvert; this caused large volumes of air to be drawn down the valve well and into the culvert. The air formed large pockets in the model culvert which re
33、stricted the flow until sufficient pressure was developed to expel the air through the ports or into the downstream bulkhead recess. Air expelled through the ports erupted at the water surface in the lock chamber with considerable violence, caus- ing disturbances that would be hazardous to small cra
34、ft. 1-3 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-EM 1110-2-1610 15 Aug 15 b. By reversing the tainter valves, that is, placing the trun- nions upstream of the skin plate with the convex surface of the skin plate facing downstream and sealing a
35、gainst the downstream end of the valve well, air was prevented from entering the culvert at the valve recess. A typical reverse tainter valve installation is shown in figure 1-1. Valves of this general type have been used on all major locks constructed by the Corps of Engineers in recent years. c. S
36、ince data collected in the past 40 years have been concerned with reverse tainter valves, this type of valve will be used in examples in this manual. The reverse tainter valve certainly has proved very satisfactory, it probably will be desirable at most new projects, and its continued use is advocat
37、ed. However, the designer should consider other types of valves. For instance, if submergence is such that air definitely will not be drawn down the valve well and into the culvert, the use of a tainter valve in the normal position may prove desirable. With the valve in the normal position, loads an
38、d load variations on the valve hoist caused by flowing water will be negligible.“ Structural- design of the trunnion anchorages probably would be simplified. Further, depending upon whether the position of the valve in the lock wall is upstream or downstream from the lock gate, use of the normal pos
39、ition for the tainter valve may prevent large differentials between the water in the valve well and the lock chamber or lower pool. Also, vertical- lift gates which are used extensively in outlet conduits should be suitable as lock culvert valves. The vertical-lift valve would not re- quire the larg
40、e recess that is necessary with a tainter valve. With one spare gate at an installation, maintenance could be performed with- out taking the culvert out of service as is necessary with the tainter valve. However, the vertical-lift valves rollers, wheels, or sliding surfaces might require considerabl
41、y more servicing than do the elements of the tainter valve. If a vertical-lift valve is considered, certain of the procedures given in this manual could be used in design; but it is suggested that model tests be conducted to develop an optimum bottom shape for the gate and to determine valve hoist l
42、oads. 1-4 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-EM 1110-2-1610 15 Aug 15 Y Figure 1-1. Typical reverse tainter valve installation 1-5 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-EM 1110-
43、2-1610 15 Aug 15 CHAPTER 2. AIR IN CULVERT SYSTEMS 2-1. Experience with Air in Culvert System. a. At several old locks (notably Ohio River Lock No. 41, old Wilson Locks on the Tennessee River, and Mississippi River Lock No. 1) portions of the roofs of the culverts between the filling and emptying va
44、lves were at elevations higher than the lower pool. This resulted in air seeping into the culvert system and forming pockets along the roof when the chamber water surface was at lower pool level. In the filling operation, the air pockets were compressed and forced along the culvert until expelled th
45、rough an available exit (valve well, bulkhead recess, or ports into the lock chamber). The air emerged with such explosive force that it endangered personnel on the lock walls, created disturbances in the chamber which were hazardous to small craft, and increased hawser forces on moored tows. Condit
46、ions at these locks were mitigated somewhat by installation of blowoff vents, but it was con- cluded that all air should be sealed from the filling system. b. When the 92-ft-lift McNary Lock” was constructed on the Colum- bia River six 12-in.-diam air vents, two in the culvert roof and two in the up
47、per portion of each sidewall, were installed immediately down- steam of each valve. During initial operation of the lock, the air vents at the filling valves were capped. Pounding noises, resembling thunder or cannon shots, seemed to come from the bulkhead slots on the downstream sides of the fillin
48、g valves when the valves were partially open. It was found that opening one of the 12-in.-diam air vents in the roof of the culvert at each valve virtually eliminated these noises. Consequently, the lock has been operated with one air vent open at each valve. Air is drawn through the vent into the c
49、ulvert system during the valve opening period, is entrained as small bubbles in the highly turbu- lent flow, and emerges in the lock chamber so entrained that it merely causes the water to look milky. When the valve reaches the full open position, air ceases to be drawn through the vent and all air is rapidly purged from the culvert system still entr
