1、Products in Design for AllDIN Technical Report 124BeuthDIN Technical Report 124Products in Design for AllDIN Technical Report 1241st Edition, 2003Issued by:DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V.Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin Wien ZrichProducts in Design for All DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V. 2003
2、This work, including all parts, is protected by copyright. Without the priorpermission of the publisher, any utilization exceeding the strict limits of theGerman Copyright Act is inadmissible and is liable to prosecution. That appliesin particular to its reproduction, duplication, microform reproduc
3、tion, or itsstorage and processing in electronic systems.Beuth Verlag GmbHBurggrafenstrae 610787 Berlininfobeuth.de www.beuth.deBibliographic information published by Die Deutsche BibliothekDie Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the DeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic dat
4、a are available intheInternet at .ISBN 3-410-15647-X52 pages, soft coverPage 1Products in Design for AllContentsPageForeword 50 Introduction. 61 Scope. 71.1 General Information 71.2 Target groups for the technical report 71.3 Users of products which are designed for all. 71.4 Products . 82 Terms and
5、 definitions. 92.1 Adaptation 92.2 Assistance 92.3 Design for all. 92.4 Products in design for all 92.5 Design for disabled people. 92.6 Design for a specific disability 102.7 Products designed for disabled people 102.8 Products designed for a particular type of disability 102.9 Aids and assistive d
6、evices 102.10 Users 102.11 Reference value 102.12 Training. 112.13 Dual-channel principle 113 User-related abilities 113.1 General information 113.2 Sensory abilities . 113.2.1 Visual abilities . 113.2.2 Auditory abilities . 143.2.3 Haptic abilities 143.2.4 Proprioceptive abilities . 153.2.5 Olfacto
7、ry and gustatory abilities. 153.3 Cognitive abilities . 153.4 Motor abilities. 154 The principles of universal design. 174.1 General information 174.2 Principles 175 Presuppositions, primary requirements and recommendations forproducts 195.1 Presuppositions 195.1.1 Safety and health protection for t
8、he user . 195.1.2 Product surroundings. 195.2 Primary requirements and recommendations 195.3 Handling of competing requirements and recommendations 21Page 2Products in Design for All6 General product-related requirements and recommendations 226.1 Adaptation to the sensory abilities of the users 226.
9、1.1 General information 226.1.2 Visual abilities . 226.1.3 Auditory abilities . 296.1.4 Haptic abilities 316.1.5 Proprioceptive abilities . 326.1.6 Olfactory and gustatory abilities. 326.2 Adaptation to the cognitive abilities of users 326.2.1 General information 326.2.2 Suitability for the task. 33
10、6.2.3 Self-descriptiveness . 336.2.4 Controllability 346.2.5 Error tolerance 346.2.6 Conformity with user expectations. 356.2.7 Suitability for individualization 356.2.8 Suitability for learning . 356.3 Adaptation to the motoric abilities of the users 366.3.1 General information 366.3.2 Strength 366
11、.3.3 Posture . 366.3.4 Hand arm system . 366.3.5 Hand.377 Special requirements and recommendations for products or productcomponents 377.1 Controls and displays. 377.1.1 General information 377.1.2 Perception and recognition 377.1.3 Operating the controls 377.2 Instructions for use. 397.3 Packaging.
12、 407.4 Stationary products 417.5 Portable products. 417.6 Products which can be dismantled as intended. 417.7 Product combinations 427.8 Complex products 427.9 Cleaning and maintenance. 42Annex A 43A.1 Sources 43A.1.1 Normative documents cited . 43A.1.2 Other Standards . 45A.1.3 Bibliography 45Page
13、3Products in Design for AllFiguresFigure 1 Viewing angle and minimum viewing distance . 12Figure 2 Vertical and horizontal field of vision for different tasks . 13Figure 3 Grasping areas . 17Figure 4 Type height in body text. 25Figure 5 Type height for inscriptions 26Figure 6 Fixation angle . 28Tabl
14、esTable 1 Recommended colour combinations for signs and background. 24Table 2 Height of characters and symbols for inscriptions 26Table 3 Dimensions of manual controls . 38Table 4 Classification of force/torque for manual controls. 39Page 4Products in Design for AllPage 5Products in Design for AllFo
15、rewordThis DIN technical report has been prepared by Working Group AA 1.3 “Design for All andUsability” (Barrierefreie Gebrauchsgter), of the Standards Committee for Performance,Capability and Services (Normenausschuss Gebrauchstauglichkeit und DienstleistungenNAGD). Taking part on the committee wer
16、e representatives of user groups with specialneeds in terms of product design such as the visually impaired, auditory impaired andthose with restricted mobility.In this technical report, the user-related abilities which have to be considered arerecorded and transformed into requirements and recommen
17、dations for product design,and are formulated into guidelines and reference values.Since no consolidated scientific findings are currently available on some user relatedabilities, no guidelines or reference values can be formulated as yet.This technical report reflects the current status of the expe
18、rts discussion. For this reason,it will be necessary to amend the report in accordance with new findings and the state ofscience and technology at a later date.Page 6Products in Design for All0 IntroductionThis technical report should help in developing and manufacturing technical products sothat as
19、 many people as possible can use them autonomously and by their ownresponsibility. The safety of the users should also be enhanced, their health protectedand the intended use of the products ensured and facilitated. In this respect, productswhich are designed for all will have a preventive effect.De
20、sign for all has ergonomic, psychological, social and economic dimensions. Ergonomic dimension: Products which are designed for all are adapted to the abilityof the user. For people with reduced abilities, they also comply with the basicergonomic requirements in regard to reachability, practicabilit
21、y, stress and strainduring use.1) Psychological dimension: Products which are designed for all can help to maintainand improve personal quality of life. Products which are designed for all preventexclusion and stigmatisation.2) Social dimension: Products which are designed for all help to include mo
22、re people insociety since they can be used by as many people as possible without restriction. Economic dimension: Products which are designed for all increase the number ofpotential purchases by including users with reduced abilities.The Working Group AA 1.3 “Design for All and Usability” is aiming
23、to introduce thistechnical report into the European Standards as a reference paper forCEN/CENELEC Guide 6 and intends that the guidelines and reference values be adoptedin the product standards where they will be expressed in concrete terms.The Working Group is also aiming to use this technical repo
24、rt to provide developers,manufacturers and suppliers with guidelines and reference values for designing productsfor all.1) The individual abilities and expectations have also determining influence on the use of a product.2) The perception of limitations is also often dependent on the subjective feel
25、ings of the user.Page 7Products in Design for All1 Scope1.1 General InformationThis technical report is designed so that technical products can be developed,manufactured, marketed and, where necessary, placed and set up so that as manypeople as possible can use the products as intended if this is re
26、asonably and withapproiate economic efforts achievable. What is reasonably and withappropriate economicefforts achievable when designing a product for all requires careful assessment of all thecriteria mentioned in this technical report, including those which appear to becontradictory and should be
27、decided on the merit of each product. Instructions onhandling contradictions are provided in 5.3.When designing and introducing products in design for all, developers, manufacturersand suppliers should keep in mind that valuable progress is made for the potential usereven if, for whatever reason, co
28、mplete design-for-all status has not been achieved for theproduct on the first attempt. Even by realising some aspects the number of potentialusers is increased (see 1.3).1.2 Target groups for the technical reportThis technical report for designing products which are in design for all is intended fo
29、rthose who prepare product standards as well as for the developers, manufacturers andsuppliers of technical products.1.3 Users of products which are designed for allThe intention of this technical report is that as many people as possible can use technicalproducts as they are intended.The technical
30、report therefore takes into account people of all ages even with reducedsensory, cognitive and motoric abilities providing they are basically able to carry out thenecessary activities or are able to acquire these abilities.In special cases, some training for the potential user with special needs can
31、 be supportedif products which are designed for all can only be used by doing so.If in special cases a user assigned activity needs to be carried out one time only or veryrarely assistance can be given.This technical report not only takes into account the 5thto the 95thpercentile3)of theworking popu
32、lation, which is the group of people in the scope of ergonomics to now, butalso extends the findings of ergonomics by widening the scope of users as far aspossible.3) A percentile describes what percentage of people in a population group (e.g. 95 %) in relation to a certain bodysize is smaller than
33、the value given in each case. For more details, see supplement to DIN 33402-2.Page 8Products in Design for AllThe following people are not taken into account: those who are not able to carry out the required tasks and are not able to acquire thenecessary abilities to do so, those who are excluded fr
34、om use due to protection provision and those who are excluded from use by the manufacturer or importer.1.4 Productsa) This technical report explains the guidelines of CEN/CENELEC Guide 6 in relation tothe components of the product with which the user comes into contact as theintended use (human-mach
35、ine interface).b) It applies to technical products relating to different task definitions, areas ofapplication and places of use. Examples of this are as follows:1) Simple products such as tableware, soap dispensers and kitchen utensils,2) products which can be dismantled such as electric razors, de
36、ntalwater picks, foodprocessors and D.I.Y. shelves.3) complex products such as domestic systems, computers and application software,4) product combinations when they are supplied as a system such as fitted kitchens(appliances included),5) both products which have been purchased by the user themselve
37、s, such aspackaging, fittings, electric domestic appliances and telephones and productswhich have been made available for their use by a third party, such as streetsigns, cash dispensers, travel-ticket machines, and petrol pumps,6) products which are used for services, providing the service can be i
38、nfluenced bythe product manufacturer, such as the telephones and the service of a networkprovider.c) This technical report applies to all activities carried out on the product such as itsplacement, installation, setting up and maintenance where it is intended for the userto carry out these activitie
39、s.4)d) This technical report does not apply to the following:1) assistive devices and aidsHowever, assistive devices and aids may be designed in accordance with theguidelines and reference values of this technical report in so far as this is reasonableand possible.4) In special cases, it may be reas
40、onable to demand assistance when an activity which has been assigned to the userneed only be carried out once or very rarely.Page 9Products in Design for All2) products for the public sector unless they are as described in 1.4 b)5) madeavailable by a third party to the private user for using.3) mean
41、s of transportation in the public sectorBut means of transportation in the public sector may be designed in accordance withthe guidelines and reference values of this technical report in so far as this isreasonable and possible.4) work equipment5)But work equipment may be designed in accordance with
42、 the guidelines andreference values of this technical report in so far as this is reasonable and possible.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this technical report, the following terms and definitions apply:2.1AdaptationIndividual modifications of a product which have been carried out once to
43、enable a userto use it when, for whatever reason, he/she would not otherwise be able to do so.6)2.2AssistanceSupport for the user while carrying out tasks which have been assigned to him/herandneed only be performed once or rarely to enable other people with special needs to usethe product.2.3Design
44、 for allFeature of a product which can be used as intended by as many people as possible ofany age with different abilities largely under conditions of equality and without assistance.2.4Products in design for allProducts which have been designed according to the criteria of this technical reportesp
45、ecially to the dual-channel principle.7)2.5Design for disabled peopleFeature of a product which can be used by people with different limitations (differentdisabilities) without assistance as intended.5) The areas of occupational safety and health and places of work are subject to the relevant laws a
46、nd regulations.6) The result of adaptation is a product which is suitable for a disabled person or a special aid.7) In many cases, products which are designed for all can replace products which are suitable for people with adisability as described in clause 3.Page 10Products in Design for All2.6Desi
47、gn for a specific disabilityFeature of a product which can be used by people with one specific limitation (onespecific disability8) without assistance as intended.2.7Products designed for disabled people9)Independent products which have been designed for one or more types of disability.Non-independe
48、nt products which are used to complement commercially availableproducts and which have been designed for one or more types of disability.NOTE This applies without taking into account the requirements and recommendations of this technicalreport.2.8Products designed for a particular type of disability
49、10)Independent products which have been designed for one particular type of disability.Non-independent products which are used to complement commercially availableproducts and which have been designed for one particular type of disability.NOTE This applies without taking into account the requirements and recommendations of this technicalreport.2.9Aids and assistive devicesAids are independent products which are designed for disabled people or for oneparticular type of disability and which are appropriate for compensating limited physical
