1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 14584:2013Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission testing Examination of metallicpressure equipment duringproof testing Planar locationof AE sourcesBS EN 14584:2013 BRITI
2、SH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14584:2013. Itsupersedes BS EN 14584:2005 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this commit
3、tee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 75810 2ICS 17.140.20;
4、77.040.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 14584:2013EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME E
5、UROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 14584 May 2013 ICS 17.140.20; 77.040.20 Supersedes EN 14584:2005English Version Non-destructive testing - Acoustic emission testing - Examination of metallic pressure equipment during proof testing - Planar location of AE sources Essais non destructifs - mission acoustiqu
6、e - Vrification des quipements mtalliques sous pression pendant lpreuve Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Schallemissionsprfung - Prfung von metallischen Druckgerten whrend der Abnahmeprfung - Planare Ortung von Schallemissionsquellen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 March 2013. CEN members ar
7、e bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to
8、the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Ce
9、ntre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithua
10、nia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
11、 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14584:2013: EBS EN 14584:2013EN 14584:2013 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Terms and definitions .4 4 Qualification of personnel 4 5 General
12、5 5.1 Initial considerations .5 5.2 Application of load.5 5.3 Sensors .5 5.4 Location 5 5.5 Preliminary information 6 5.6 Written instruction requirements .6 6 Instrumentation 7 7 Testing 7 7.1 Pre-test measurements .7 7.1.1 Wave propagation 7 7.1.2 Determination of maximum allowed sensor spacing.8
13、7.2 Test steps 10 7.2.1 General guidelines 10 7.2.2 In situ verification . 10 7.2.3 Background noise. 10 7.2.4 Pressurisation . 11 8 Interpretation of results . 11 8.1 Grading criteria . 11 8.2 Real-time control. 12 8.3 AE source location cluster severity grading . 13 9 Test documentation 13 10 Test
14、 report . 14 Annex A (normative) Procedure for the correction of peak amplitude with distance 15 BS EN 14584:2013EN 14584:2013 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14584:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This E
15、uropean Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of th
16、e elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 14584:2005. Changes from the previous edition include: Clause 1: Applicability. Clause 4: Qualification of resp
17、onsible test personnel AT2. Clause 8: Insertion of a further evaluation criteria about the occurrence of high energetic burst signals within a cluster. Annex A: Some clarifications for the recalculation according to the attenuation curve. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the nation
18、al standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithu
19、ania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 14584:2013EN 14584:2013 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard describes the method for conducting acoustic emission testing (AT) of metallic pr
20、essure equipment during acceptance pressure testing using a planar location method. This standard is applicable also for subsequent tests for requalification. General principles of Acoustic Emissions are described in EN 13554. The objectives of the AE testing are to provide 100 % volumetric testing
21、to define regions of the structure which are acoustically active with burst type AE, e.g. as a result of evolution of sub-critical discontinuities, thus increasing the reliability of the acceptance test. The test provides a reference map for comparison with results of future tests. 2 Normative refer
22、ences The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. E
23、N 1330-1:1998, Non destructive testing Terminology Part 1: List of general terms EN 1330-2:1998, Non destructive testing Terminology Part 2: Terms common to the non-destructive testing methods EN 1330-9:2009, Non-destructive testing Terminology Part 9: Terms used in acoustic emission testing EN 1347
24、7-1, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission Equipment characterisation Part 1: Equipment description EN 13477-2, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission Equipment characterisation Part 2: Verification of operating characteristic EN 13554:2011, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission testing G
25、eneral principles EN ISO 9712:2012, Non-destructive testing Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712:2012) EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this do
26、cument, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-1:1998, EN 1330-2:1998 and EN 1330-9:2009 apply. 4 Qualification of personnel Testing shall be carried out by proficient, suitably trained and qualified personnel at minimum level 2 according to EN ISO 9712. To demonstrate appropriate qualification,
27、 it is recommended that personnel be certified according to EN ISO 9712 or an equivalent formalised system. Operating authorisation for a qualified person shall be issued by the employer in accordance with a written procedure. NDT operations, unless otherwise agreed, shall be authorised by a compete
28、nt and qualified NDT supervisory individual (Level 3 according to EN ISO 9712 or equivalent) approved by the employer. BS EN 14584:2013EN 14584:2013 (E) 5 NOTE For pressure equipment, see Directive 97/23/EC, Annex I 3.1.3: “For pressure equipment in categories III and IV, the personnel must be appro
29、ved by a third party organisation recognised by a Member State“. 5 General 5.1 Initial considerations The main target of the AE test is to detect, locate and monitor acoustic emission sources caused by phenomena generated by the applied load to the equipment, e.g. crack growth and yielding. The prop
30、erties and structural state of the material, the type and magnitude of the applied stress and stress rate are significant factors affecting the emission. All relevant located AE sources shall be evaluated by other NDT methods. 5.2 Application of load The application of stress to the equipment shall
31、be made using internal pressure following the procedure specified in the relevant product standard. The rate of the application of pressure shall be limited to avoid burst signal overlap. The pressurising system shall permit pressurisation at a steady controllable rate and shall allow the pressure t
32、o be held constant at the hold points. For pneumatic pressurisation, the pressurisation rate would not normally exceed 1 % of test pressure per minute, and for hydraulic loading, 5 % per minute. The intermediate hold periods, if necessary according to the AE activity or the pre-defined pressure sche
33、dule, will normally be 5 min to 10 min. The final hold period at the test pressure shall have a minimum duration of 15 min. Intermediate hold periods are strongly recommended, especially if pressurisation rates exceed 0,5 % per minute for pneumatic or 2 % per minute for hydraulic tests. Prior to sta
34、rting the test, all the necessary actions shall be taken to identify and to reduce potential sources of extraneous noise. Dependent upon the results of the initial loading, a reduction of the load to working pressure or lower, followed by re-pressurisation, may be required. 5.3 Sensors The most comm
35、only used frequency range is 100 kHz to 300 kHz. Lower frequency monitoring allows detection at greater distances and higher frequency monitoring provides improved rejection of external noise. Selection of frequency range may optimise location accuracy by avoiding the detection of multiple wave mode
36、s. The equipment surface below the sensors shall be cleaned to ensure the maximum coupling efficiency. The sensor coupling shall be as specified in the written test instruction. The sensors may be directly attached to the structure using magnetic devices or an adhesive. The effectiveness and reliabi
37、lity of the acoustic coupling shall be verified. The characteristics of the type of the acoustic coupling used shall not affect the structure adversely. 5.4 Location The location of AE sources is performed using t measurement. The accuracy is normally within 5 % of the maximum used sensor spacing (d
38、max,u) (see 7.1.2) and shall be measured and verified using an artificial source. The artificial source shall have an amplitude equivalent to the Hsu-Nielsen source minus the value of K. Alternatively a Hsu-Nielsen source may be used and the detection BS EN 14584:2013EN 14584:2013 (E) 6 threshold ra
39、ised to the evaluation threshold during these location accuracy checks. If the accuracy is not within 5 %, appropriate action shall be taken. For difficult geometry, e.g. nozzles, manholes, reference measurements shall be made. 5.5 Preliminary information Prior to the test, the AE Test Organisation
40、shall collect the following information, as relevant: a) relevant product standard; b) type of equipment or structure specifications; c) assembly and/or layout drawings with sufficient details of the structure; d) material specifications, including heat treatment, if applicable; e) proposed pressure
41、/stress application sequence; f) potential acoustic noise interference sources and the isolating mechanism applied; g) where possible, locations of known discontinuities and the general results of prior NDT. 5.6 Written instruction requirements The AE test organisation shall provide a written test i
42、nstruction, which shall include but not necessarily be restricted to the following: a) explicit indication of the purpose of the test and limitations, if any; b) sensor type, frequency and manufacturer; c) method of sensor attachment; d) type of acoustic coupling used; e) type of surface preparation
43、; f) type of AE equipment used with its main characteristics; g) energy measurement method to be used; h) value of K from relevant product standard, if available; i) sensor location maps representing the structure or part of it; j) description of equipment verification procedure; k) description of t
44、he in situ verification (see 7.2.2); l) pre-defined pressure schedule; m) recorded data and recording method; n) available on-line presentation of data; o) real-time evaluation criteria; BS EN 14584:2013EN 14584:2013 (E) 7 p) post analysis procedure with adopted filtering technique, if used; q) fina
45、l report requirements; r) qualification/certification of the personnel. The test instruction shall be prepared in accordance with EN ISO 9712:2012, Table D.1. 6 Instrumentation An AT system shall consist of sensors and equipment for signal conditioning and processing, and for displaying and recordin
46、g data according to EN 13477-1. The AT instrument shall be capable of measuring at least the following parameters on all channels: a) AE burst count; b) burst signal peak amplitude; c) burst signal duration; d) burst signal rise time; e) burst signal energy; f) arrival time (leading edge and/or peak
47、); and on the external input: external parameters, such as pressure and/or other stress parameters. In order to allow a real-time control of the pressure equipment under test, the test instrumentation shall: store all the acquired AE data and the external parameter(s); provide an on-line location di
48、splay; provide an on-line display of AE data and pressure. To assist the on-line evaluation, it is recommended that the instrumentation provides real-time distance peak amplitude correction and applies grading. The AT system performance check (including sensors) shall be performed according to EN 13
49、477-2. 7 Testing 7.1 Pre-test measurements 7.1.1 Wave propagation Attenuation measurements shall be performed on the structure in order to determine the maximum sensor spacing. The measurements shall be performed with the test fluid in the equipment using the Hsu-Nielsen source. In the case that the Hsu-Nielsen source saturates the measurement chain, a lower energy artificial source shall be used up to the 20e distance (see Annex A). The obtained curve shall in this case be shifted up to correspond with the origina
