1、BS EN 14775:2009ICS 75.160.10NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDSolid biofuels Determination of ashcontentThis British Standardwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 31 March2010 BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 66695
2、 7Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS EN 14775:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14775:2009. Itsupersedes DD CEN/TS 14775:2004 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Soli
3、d biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immun
4、ityfrom legal obligations.BS EN 14775:2009EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 14775 November 2009 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 14775:2004English Version Solid biofuels - Determination of ash content Biocombustibles solides - Mthode de dtermination de la teneur en cendres Feste Bi
5、obrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Aschegehaltes This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 October 2009. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteratio
6、n. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translat
7、ion under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,
8、Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Mana
9、gement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14775:2009: EBS EN 14775:2009EN 14775:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 31 Scope 42 Normative references 43 Terms and definitions
10、 .44 Principle 45 Apparatus .55.1 Dish 55.2 Furnace 55.3 Balance 55.4 Desiccator 56 Preparation of test sample 57 Procedure .57.1 General 58 Calculations 69 Precision .79.1 General 79.2 Repeatability .79.3 Reproducibility .710 Test report 7Bibliography 8BS EN 14775:2009EN 14775:2009 (E) 3 Foreword T
11、his document (EN 14775:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2010
12、, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Thi
13、s document supersedes CEN/TS 14775:2004. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, G
14、reece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 14775:2009EN 14775:2009 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a method for the determin
15、ation of ash content of all solid biofuels (CEN/TS 14588). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (in
16、cluding any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 14588:2003, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 14774-3, Solid biofuels Determination of moisture content Oven dry method Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample CEN/TS 14778 (all parts), Solid biofuels Sampling CEN/TS 14780, Solid
17、biofuels Methods for sample preparation 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588:2003 and the following apply. 3.1 ash content on dry basis, mass of inorganic residue remaining after ignition of a fuel under specified conditions expre
18、ssed as a percentage of the mass of the dry matter in the fuel 4 Principle The ash content is determined by calculation from the mass of the residue remaining after the sample is heated in air under rigidly controlled conditions of time, sample weight and equipment specifications to a controlled tem
19、perature of (550 10) C. Automatic equipments may be used when the method is validated with biomass reference samples of an adequate biomass type. This equipment shall fulfill all the requirements given in Clause 7 regarding sample size, heating procedure, atmosphere, temperatures and weighing accura
20、cy. NOTE Difference in the ash content determined at a higher temperature, 815 C, according to ISO 1171, compared to 550 C is explained by the decomposition of carbonates forming CO2, by losses of volatile inorganic compounds and further oxidation of inorganic compounds (to higher oxidation stage).
21、In the ash content found in practise, for instance at a combustion plant, some of the released inorganic compounds are likely to be recovered in the fly ash while CO2and other gaseous compounds are traversed to air and will not form a part of the total amount of ash produced. BS EN 14775:2009EN 1477
22、5:2009 (E) 5 5 Apparatus 5.1 Dish A dish of inert material, such as porcelain, silica or platinum and of such size that the sample loading does not exceed 0,1 g/cm2bottom area. 5.2 Furnace Furnace capable of giving a zone of uniform temperature at the levels required by the procedure and reaching th
23、ese levels in the specified times. The ventilation rate through the furnace should be such that no lack of oxygen for combustion arises during the heating procedure. NOTE A ventilation rate of between five and ten air changes per minute should be suitable. 5.3 Balance A balance having sufficient acc
24、uracy to enable the dish containing the sample to be weighed to the nearest 0,1 mg. 5.4 Desiccator With desiccant. WARNING Ashes from solid biofuels are very hygroscopic and there is a risk that moisture bound in the desiccant can be absorbed in the sample. Therefore the desiccant shall be controlle
25、d frequently and dried if necessary. 6 Preparation of test sample The test sample is the general analysis test sample with a nominal top size of 1 mm or less, prepared in accordance with CEN/TS 14780. The determination of ash content shall be done either: a) directly on the prepared general analysis
26、 test sample, including a concurrently determination of the moisture content of the general analysis test sample according to EN 14774-3; or b) from a test portion of the general analysis sample which has been dried using the same drying procedure as in the determination of the moisture content of t
27、he general analysis sample and kept absolutely dry before the weighing for the ash content determinations (test portion is kept in a closed container in a desiccator). NOTE For some solid biofuels it may be necessary to prepare a test sample with a lower nominal top size than 1 mm (e.g. 0,25 mm) in
28、order to keep the stated precision. 7 Procedure 7.1 General A minimum of two determinations shall be carried out on the test sample. 7.2 Heat the empty dish in the furnace to (550 10) C for at least 60 min. Remove the dish from the furnace. Allow the dish to cool on a heat resistant plate for 5 min
29、to 10 min and then transfer to a desiccator without desiccant and allow to cool to ambient temperature. When the dish is cool, weigh to the nearest 0,1 mg and record the mass. BS EN 14775:2009EN 14775:2009 (E) 6 NOTE 1 Several dishes can be handled at the same time. NOTE 2 For determination of the a
30、sh content at 815 C, see bibliography. 7.3 The general analysis sample shall be mixed carefully before weighing. Place minimum 1 g of sample on the bottom of the dish and spread in an even layer over the bottom surface. Weigh the dish plus the sample to the nearest 0,1 mg and record the mass. If the
31、 test sample previously has been oven-dried, both the dish and the sample should be dried at 105 C and then weighed as a precautionary measure for absorption of moisture. NOTE If the ash content is expected to be very low, use a larger sample size (and a larger dish) to improve the accuracy. 7.4 Pla
32、ce the dish in a cold furnace. Heat the sample in the furnace according to the following heating routine: a) Raise the furnace temperature evenly to 250 C over a period of 30 min to 50 min (i.e. a heating rate of 4,5 C/min to 7,5 C/min). Maintain at this temperature level for 60 min to allow the vol
33、atiles to leave the sample before ignition; b) Continue to raise the furnace temperature evenly to (550 10) C over a period of 30 min (i.e. a heating rate of 10 C/min). Maintain at this temperature level for at least 120 min. 7.5 Remove the dish with its content from the furnace. Allow the dish and
34、its content to cool on a heat resistant plate for 5 min to 10 min and then transfer to a desiccator without desiccant and allow to cool to ambient temperature. Weigh the ash and the dish to the nearest 0,1 mg as soon as ambient temperature is reached and record the mass. Calculate the ash content of
35、 the sample as detailed in Clause 8. 7.6 If there is any doubt of incomplete incineration (for instance presence of soot at visual inspection) then: a) the sample is reloaded into the hot furnace (at 550 C) for further 30 min periods until the change in mass is lower than 0,5 mg; or b) droplets of d
36、istilled water or ammonium nitrate are added to the sample before it is reloaded into the cold (at room temperature) furnace, and reheated to (550 10) C and kept at this temperature for further 30 min periods until the change in mass is lower than 0,5 mg. 8 Calculations The ash content on dry basis,
37、 Ad, of the sample expressed as a percentage by mass on a dry basis shall be calculated using the following formula: ()()addMmmmmA=1001001001213(1) where m1is the mass, in g, of the empty dish; m2is the mass, in g, of the dish plus the test sample; m3is the mass, in g, of the dish plus ash; Madis th
38、e % moisture content of the test sample used for determination. The result shall be reported as the mean of duplicate determinations to the nearest 0,1 %. BS EN 14775:2009EN 14775:2009 (E) 7 9 Precision 9.1 General Precision must be given in a standard (comments and input on precision from your expe
39、rience please). 9.2 Repeatability The result of duplicate determinations, carried out over a short period, but not simultaneously, in the same laboratory by the same operator with the same apparatus on two representative portions taken from the same general analysis sample, should not differ more th
40、an the above value. 9.3 Reproducibility The means of result of duplicate determinations carried out in two different laboratories, on representative portions taken from the same general analysis sample, should not differ more than the values given in Table 1. Table 1 Repeatability and reproducibilit
41、y of the method Ash content % Maximum acceptable differences between results Same laboratory (Repeatability) Different laboratories (Reproducibility) Less than 10 % 0,2 % absolute 0,3 % absolute Equal to or greater than 10 % 2,0 % of the mean result 3,0 % of the mean result 10 Test report The test r
42、eport shall include at least the following information: identification of the laboratory and the testing date; identification of the product or sample tested (see CEN/TS 14778); a reference to this European Standard; any deviation from this European Standard; test result on dry basis; conditions and
43、 observations, i.e. unusual features during the test procedure, which may affect the result. BS EN 14775:2009EN 14775:2009 (E) 8 Bibliography 1 ISO 1171, Solid Mineral Fuels Determination of ash content BS EN 14775:2009This page has been intentionally left blank BS EN14775:2009BSI GroupHeadquarters
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