1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 16104:2012Food data Structure and interchange format BS EN 16104:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16104:2012.The U
2、K participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee AW/275, Food analysis - Horizontal methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract.
3、 Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 70792 6 ICS 35.240.60; 67.040 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under t
4、he authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 16104:2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 16104 December 2012 ICS 35.240.60; 67.040 English Version Food data - Structure and interchange for
5、mat Donnes sur les aliments - Structure et format dchange Lebensmitteldaten - Struktur und Austauschformat This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 November 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
6、Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (En
7、glish, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium
8、, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerla
9、nd, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref.
10、No. EN 16104:2012: EBS EN 16104:2012 EN 16104:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope 7 2 Terms and definitions . 8 3 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) . 12 3.1 UML notation . 12 3.2 Abbreviated terms and acronyms . 12 4 Data structure . . 13 4.1 General . . 13 4.2 Main data struc
11、ture . 13 4.3 Bibliographic references. 14 4.4 Classes for attribute specification . . 15 4.5 Classes for codes of controlled vocabularies 16 4.6 Classes for identifiers . 17 5 Class descriptions 17 5.1 General . . 17 5.2 Classes for numerical and logical values . 18 5.3 Classes for text . 18 5.4 Cl
12、ass for date and time . 19 5.5 Code_ classes, for attributes based on controlled vocabularies 20 5.6 Id_ classes, for identifiers . 20 5.7 Aggregation class . 21 5.8 Allergen class, AllergenSpec class, Code_Allergen classes . . 21 5.9 ArticleInfo class . . 22 5.10 Claim class, Code_ClaimType class,
13、Code_ClaimCode class . . 23 5.11 Code_SciName class 23 5.12 Composite class, Code_Strategy class, Code_SamplingMethod class . 23 5.13 Contact class . 24 5.14 Contributor class . . 24 5.15 Descriptor class, Code_Descriptor class 24 5.16 Food class . 25 5.17 Id_Food class . . 26 5.18 Image class. . 26
14、 5.19 Ingredient class . 26 5.20 Mandate class . 27 5.21 Measure class, Id_Measure class, Code_Action class . . 27 5.22 Method class, Code_MethType class, Code_MethInd class . 28 5.23 MethodStep class, Code_MethStep class . 28 5.24 MethodValidation class, Code_MethValidation class . . 29 5.25 Perfor
15、mance class 29 5.26 Place class, Code_PlaceType class . . 31 5.27 Preparation class, Code_Preparation class 31 5.28 Programme class, Code_Programme class 31 5.29 Property class, Code_Property class . . 32 5.30 Quality class, Code_Quality class . 32 5.31 Quantity class . 33 5.32 Recipe class . . 33 5
16、.33 Reference class, Code_RefType class . . 33 5.34 Sample class . 34 BS EN 16104:2012 EN 16104:2012 (E) 3 5.35 Source . . 34 5.36 TypedDate class, Code_Date class . 34 5.37 TypedValue class, Code_ValueType . 35 5.38 UoM class, Code_UoM class. . 35 5.39 Vocabulary class . 36 Data encoding . 36 6.1 G
17、eneral . . 36 6.2 Data instances with identity 36 6.3 Sequential order of XML elements . . 37 6.4 References to data instances . . 37 6.5 Data instances of class attributes . 37 6.6 XML schema datatypes . 38 6.7 Encoding of Decimal datatype class . 38 6.8 Encoding of Date datatype class . 38 6.9 Enc
18、oding of MultiText datatype class . 38 6.10 Encoding of Vocabulary class . 39 6.11 Encoding of Code_ classes 39 6.12 Encoding of list of valid values . 39 6.13 Encoding of identifiers 41 Annex A (informative) UML notation . . 43 Annex B (informative) Examples of data instances . 44 B.1 Overview . .
19、44 B.2 Agreements between actors . . 44 B.3 Data instances and dataset . 48 B.4 Food description and food property measures 48 B.5 Aggregation of food property measures . 52 B.6 Food composite and food samples . 54 B.7 Food recipes . . 57 B.8 Food article with article information . . 60 Annex C (inf
20、ormative) XML schema and example of XML encoding . 63 C.1 General . . 63 C.2 XML schema . . 63 C.3 XML document example 64 Annex D (informative) Examples of controlled vocabularies . 66 D.1 General . . 66 D.2 Background . 66 D.3 Food description . 66 D.4 Food classification 67 D.5 Food property desc
21、ription 68 D.6 Analytical methods 68 D.7 Geographic places and languages . . 69 D.8 Units of measure . 69 D.9 Other controlled vocabularies . 70 Bibliography 71 BS EN 16104:2012 EN 16104:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16104:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 387 “Food data”
22、, thesecretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identicaltext or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn atthe latest by June 2013. Attention is dr
23、awn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patentrights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the followi
24、ngcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway
25、, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 16104:2012 EN 16104:2012 (E) 5 Introduction The term food generally refers to substances intended for human consumption, normally with exceptions fore.g. medicines, and includes raw or pr
26、ocessed food products and substances used in the manufacture. Theexact definition, however, may vary depending on legislation and cultural differences. This standard can beused regardless of such variations. This standard uses food properties as a general term when describing food constituents such
27、as nutrients,heavy metals, micro-organisms, but also when describing various physico-chemical properties of foods. Food data address description and identification of foods and their food properties. They are needed and usedfor many purposes, e.g. labelling, product development, dietary treatment, n
28、utritional treatment, consumerinformation, and research. Thus, there are many types of parties that need to generate, compile, interchange,or access detailed information about foods. These include: Food manufacturers Food analysis laboratories AuthoritiesResearchersResellers Retailers Nutritionists/
29、dieticians Food distributorsConsumers Restaurants/food service operators Software developers The ability and need to manage food information vary between these parties. There are multiple instances ofall parties mentioned, which means that the information is interchanged in a large number of relatio
30、nsbetween parties. For example, a food manufacturer may have the need to communicate food information withmultiple resellers, multiple retailers, multiple distributors and multiple authorities in multiple countries, and soon. Currently, there are differences among member states and parties in the wa
31、y food data are expressed withrespect e.g. food description, definition of nutrients and other food properties, and methods used to generatecompositional values. A common European Standard, established within the CEN framework, is a key toolenabling unambiguous identification and description of food
32、 data and its quality in e.g. databases, fordissemination and interchange. Several European and international initiatives have focused on improving and harmonising food datadescription and interchange. This standard is based on two initiatives: the EuroFIR project 11 (an ECNetwork of Excellence fund
33、ed by the 6th Framework Programme for Research and technologicalDevelopment) 2005-2010 and Food and Beverage Extension to the GS1 GDSN Trade Item standard 14. BS EN 16104:2012 EN 16104:2012 (E) 6 The Eurofir project mainly concerned specifications for documentation and interchange of data on nutrien
34、tsand bioactive substances in food composition databases, while the GS1 standard was intended for use bytrading partners in both the food service as well as the food retail sector. In addition, a set of use cases weredeveloped and analysed. This standard was also aligned with the EFSA Standard Sampl
35、e Description 17,and certain elements and specifications were incorporated. As a result, this standard is more innovative andbroader in scope - in so far as it should be fit for the purposes of all these parties. The main aim of the standard is to provide a framework that facilitates and enables gen
36、eration, compilation,dissemination and interchange of food data that are comparable and unambiguous with respect to the identityof foods, the description of foods and food property measures including their quality. The standard isstructured to be robust and flexible enough to incorporate future exte
37、nsions with respect to various types ofdata. This standard will make it possible for any party in a community to send understandable food data to any otherreceiving party in that community. However, this standard does not include all definitions that are required. Forexample, the set of food propert
38、ies that can be used, such as contents of various nutrients and heavy metals,is not included in the standard. These and all other so called controlled vocabularies will be agreed uponwithin the community. An annex of the standard provides examples of required controlled vocabularies. The reasons for
39、 not including the controlled vocabularies are: Most controlled vocabularies, for example with new food properties, will be constantly updated. Communities around the world are maintaining and using their own controlled vocabularies. The exchange of food data among different parties requires an agre
40、ement on not only what data to exchangebut also on the encoding of the data. This standard includes data encoding rules based on XML which today isthe most recognised general technique for data encoding. Figure 1 illustrates a case where food data is exchanged between databases of partners (1) in so
41、me kind ofcommunity. They want to use this standard to set up a mutual agreement (2). Apart from selecting thestandard (3), such an agreement will contain selections of controlled vocabularies and restrictions on data.Most of the data specified in the standard require a controlled vocabulary to be s
42、pecified (5). Such controlledvocabularies are maintained by various organisations. An agreement will select the controlled vocabularies touse. Restrictions on data will be defined (4). For example, an agreement may state that a scientific name hasto be provided for all foods, despite the fact that i
43、t is not required in the standard. In addition, an agreementmay specify requirements on what food properties are to be exchanged or what language to use. Figure 1 Agreement for food data exchange (A) that are based on this standard (S) will also specifya set of controlled vocabularies (V). BS EN 161
44、04:2012 EN 16104:2012 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies requirements on the structure and semantics of food datasets and ofinterchange of food data for various applications. Food data refers to information on various food properties and includes various steps in the generation andpublic
45、ation of such data, e.g. sampling, analysis, food description, food property and value description. The standard regards food data as datasets covering: identification, description and classification of foods including food ingredients, qualitative and quantitative food properties that can be measur
46、ed, calculated or estimated, data quality values and other metadata, specifications of methods used for obtaining these values, references to sources for the information reported.This standard includes requirements on: semantics and data structure for food data, content of referenced controlled voca
47、bularies, XML encoding for interchange of food data.This standard does not include: food description methods, quality assessment methods, content of controlled vocabularies, for example controlled vocabularies for nutrients, database implementation. BS EN 16104:2012 EN 16104:2012 (E) 8 2 Terms and d
48、efinitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 association relation between classes Note 1 to entry: This term refers to ISO/IEC 19501:2005 (Unified Modelling Language) 1. 2.2 attribute characteristics of a class described by the values it can have Note
49、1 to entry: This term refers to ISO/IEC 19501:2005 (Unified Modelling Language) 1. 2.3 class definition of data for description of a certain concept Note 1 to entry: Classes as described in ISO/IEC 19501:2005 (Unified Modelling Language) 1 may also describeoperations and methods. That possibility is not used in this standard. Note 2 to entry: A class is used as a specification of a data instance. For example a data instance of an employee maybe specified by a class that specifies two attributes: the name and the salary of the e
