1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN ISO 14040:2006Incorporating Corrigendum No. 1Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and frameworkThe European Standard EN ISO 14040:2006 has the status of a British StandardICS 13.020.10; 13.020.60g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g4
2、4g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN ISO 14040:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 4899
3、3 0National forewordThis British Standard is the official English language version of EN ISO 14040:2006. It is identical with ISO 14040:2006. Together with BS EN ISO 14044:2006 it supersedes BS EN ISO 14040:1997, BS EN ISO 14041:1998, BS EN ISO 14042:2000 and BS EN ISO 14043:2000.The UK participatio
4、n in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee SES/1, Environmental management, to Subcommittee SES/1/5, Life cycle assessment, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British
5、 Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online
6、.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible
7、international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN IS
8、O title page, the EN ISO foreword page, the ISO title page, pages ii to vi, pages 1 to 20, an inside back cover and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Comments16558 Corrigendum
9、No. 131 August 2006 Correction to supersession informationEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN ISO 14040July 2006ICS 13.020.10; 13.020.60 Supersedes EN ISO 14040:1997, EN ISO 14041:1998,EN ISO 14042:2000, EN ISO 14043:2000 English VersionEnvironmental management - Life cycle assessment
10、- Principlesand framework (ISO 14040:2006)Management environnemental - Analyse du cycle de vie -Principes et cadre (ISO 14040:2006)Umweltmanagement - kobilanz - Grundstze undRahmenbedingungen (ISO 14040:2006)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 June 2006.CEN members are bound to comply w
11、ith the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretari
12、at or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialver
13、sions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden
14、, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. N
15、o. EN ISO 14040:2006: EForeword This document (EN ISO 14040:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207 “Environmental management“ in collaboration with CMC. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endors
16、ement, at the latest by January 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2007. This document supersedes EN ISO 14040:1997, EN ISO 14041:1998, EN ISO 14042:2000, EN ISO 14043:2000. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards or
17、ganizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
18、Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 14040:2006 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14040:2006 without any modifications. EN ISO 14040:2006Reference numberISO 14040:2006(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO14040Second edition2006-07-01Environme
19、ntal management Life cycle assessment Principles and frameworkManagement environnemental Analyse du cycle de vie Principes et cadre EN ISO 14040:2006ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 General description of life cycle as
20、sessment (LCA). 6 4.1 Principles of LCA 6 4.2 Phases of an LCA . 7 4.3 Key features of an LCA 8 4.4 General concepts of product systems . 9 5 Methodological framework 11 5.1 General requirements. 11 5.2 Goal and scope definition 11 5.3 Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) 13 5.4 Life cycle impact ass
21、essment (LCIA) . 14 5.5 Life cycle interpretation . 16 6 Reporting . 16 7 Critical review 17 7.1 General. 17 7.2 Need for critical review. 17 7.3 Critical review processes. 17 Annex A (informative) Application of LCA. 18 Bibliography . 20 EN ISO 14040:2006iv Foreword ISO (the International Organizat
22、ion for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established h
23、as the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Int
24、ernational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Public
25、ation as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent ri
26、ghts. ISO 14040 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 5, Life cycle assessment. This second edition of ISO 14040, together with ISO 14044:2006, cancels and replaces ISO 14040:1997, ISO 14041:1998, ISO 14042:2000 and ISO 14043:2000, which have been
27、technically revised. EN ISO 14040:2006vIntroduction The increased awareness of the importance of environmental protection, and the possible impacts associated with products 1), both manufactured and consumed, has increased interest in the development of methods to better understand and address these
28、 impacts. One of the techniques being developed for this purpose is life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA can assist in identifying opportunities to improve the environmental performance of products at various points in their life cycle, informing decision-makers in industry, government or non-government
29、 organizations (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign), the selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance, including measurement techniques, and marketing (e.g. implementing an ecolabelling scheme, making an environmental
30、claim, or producing an environmental product declaration). For practitioners of LCA, ISO 14044 details the requirements for conducting an LCA. LCA addresses the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts 2)(e.g. use of resources and the environmental consequences of releases) througho
31、ut a products life cycle from raw material acquisition through production, use, end-of-life treatment, recycling and final disposal (i.e. cradle-to-grave). There are four phases in an LCA study: a) the goal and scope definition phase, b) the inventory analysis phase, c) the impact assessment phase,
32、and d) the interpretation phase. The scope, including the system boundary and level of detail, of an LCA depends on the subject and the intended use of the study. The depth and the breadth of LCA can differ considerably depending on the goal of a particular LCA. The life cycle inventory analysis pha
33、se (LCI phase) is the second phase of LCA. It is an inventory of input/output data with regard to the system being studied. It involves collection of the data necessary to meet the goals of the defined study The life cycle impact assessment phase (LCIA) is the third phase of the LCA. The purpose of
34、LCIA is to provide additional information to help assess a product systems LCI results so as to better understand their environmental significance. 1) In this International Standard, the term “product” includes services. 2) The “potential environmental impacts” are relative expressions, as they are
35、related to the functional unit of a product system. EN ISO 14040:2006vi Life cycle interpretation is the final phase of the LCA procedure, in which the results of an LCI or an LCIA, or both, are summarized and discussed as a basis for conclusions, recommendations and decision-making in accordance wi
36、th the goal and scope definition. There are cases where the goal of an LCA can be satisfied by performing only an inventory analysis and an interpretation. This is usually referred to as an LCI study. This International Standard covers two types of studies: life cycle assessment studies (LCA studies
37、) and life cycle inventory studies (LCI studies). LCI studies are similar to LCA studies but exclude the LCIA phase. LCI studies are not to be confused with the LCI phase of an LCA study. Generally, the information developed in an LCA or LCI study can be used as part of a much more comprehensive dec
38、ision process. Comparing the results of different LCA or LCI studies is only possible if the assumptions and context of each study are equivalent. Therefore this International Standard contains several requirements and recommendations to ensure transparency on these issues. LCA is one of several env
39、ironmental management techniques (e.g. risk assessment, environmental performance evaluation, environmental auditing, and environmental impact assessment) and might not be the most appropriate technique to use in all situations. LCA typically does not address the economic or social aspects of a prod
40、uct, but the life cycle approach and methodologies described in this International Standard can be applied to these other aspects. This International Standard, like other International Standards, is not intended to be used to create non-tariff trade barriers or to increase or change an organizations
41、 legal obligations. EN ISO 14040:20061Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework 1 Scope This International Standard describes the principles and framework for life cycle assessment (LCA) including a) the goal and scope definition of the LCA, b) the life cycle inventory
42、analysis (LCI) phase, c) the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase, d) the life cycle interpretation phase, e) reporting and critical review of the LCA, f) limitations of the LCA, g) relationship between the LCA phases, and h) conditions for use of value choices and optional elements. This Inter
43、national Standard covers life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and life cycle inventory (LCI) studies. It does not describe the LCA technique in detail, nor does it specify methodologies for the individual phases of the LCA. The intended application of LCA or LCI results is considered during the goal
44、and scope definition, but the application itself is outside the scope of this International Standard. This International Standard is not intended for contractual or regulatory purposes or registration and certification. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for
45、the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 14044, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines 3 Terms and definiti
46、ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. EN ISO 14040:20062 3.1 life cycle consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal 3.2 life cycle assessment LCA compilation a
47、nd evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle 3.3 life cycle inventory analysis LCI phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle 3
48、.4 life cycle impact assessment LCIA phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product 3.5 life cycle interpretation phase of life cycle assessment i
49、n which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations 3.6 comparative assertion environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs the same function 3.7 transparency open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information 3.8 environmental aspect element of an organizations activities, products or services that can interact with the
