1、 Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198908 PORTABLE FIBERGLASS LADDERS SL2-2Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 1 of 101. ScopeThis standard describes the minimum design, material and construction requirementsfor the common types of portable
2、fiberglass ladders.2. Definitions2.1 Portable ladder shall mean a ladder such as a single, extension or step,which may be carried to and used at various locations.2.2 A single ladder (sometimes called a straight ladder) is a non self-supporting portable ladder, non-adjustable in length, consisting o
3、f onesection. Its size is designated by the overall length of the side rail.2.3 An extension ladder is a non-self-supporting portable ladder and isadjustable in length. It consists of two sections traveling in guides soarranged to permit length adjustments. its size is designated by the sumof the le
4、ngth of the two sections measured along the rails.2.4 A stepladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, non-adjustable inlength, having flat steps and a hinged back. Its size is designated by theoverall length of the ladder measured along the front edge of the frontside rails.2.5 A Platform ladder
5、is similar to a stepladder, but includes a workingplatform. The platform is built into the ladder not less than two feet(.61mm) from the top and designed to support a person. The ladder size isdesignated by the overall length of the front side rail.2.6 A two-way ladder (also called a double stepladd
6、er) is a self-supportingportable ladder constructed with two stepladder front sections hinged atthe top and designed to support one person on each side.3. General Requirements3.1 Unless otherwise specified, construction shall conform to AmericanNational Standards Institute Safety Code for Portable R
7、einforced Plasticladders, A14.5-1982, and later revisions as they are written.Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198908 PORTABLE FIBERGLASS LADDERS SL2-2Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 2 of 103. General Requirements (Contd)3.2 The side ra
8、ils shall be constructed of fiberglass reinforced polyesterresin, produced by a continuous open-end molding process known aspultrusion. The rails shall be reasonably free from foreign particles,pits, cracks, voids, chips, sink marks, delaminations, blisters andscratches. The rail shall not contain e
9、lectrically conducting articles.The material shall be free of resin-rich and resin-poor areas and shallshow no evidence of significant reinforcement shifting, wrinkles, bunchingup, or variation in density within a rail length. All the above shall bein accordance with good commercial practice. The re
10、inforcement designshall be such as to provide bi-directional strength in the composite.3.3 Ladder rail shall meet the minimun composite properties as outlined inANSI, A14.5 tables 5 and 6.3.4 Ladder rail shall be yellow in color and shall conform to PlasticolorCM8003.3.5 Ladder rail shall be cured s
11、ufficiently to attain a barcol hardness of 50or equivalent.3.6 A full section of one inch (25.4mm) length of rail material shall have adielectric strength of at least 25,000 volts as determined by the short-term test method given in ASTM D229-77.3.7 The DC current leakage shall not exceed 90 microam
12、pers when a voltage of90 kilovolts is applied to electrodes spaced 10 in (254.Omm) apart on alength of rail composite conditioned for 72 hours at 72 degrees F and 60%relative humidity.3.8 The spacing between ladder rungs or steps shall be on 12-inch (304.8mm)centers plus or minus 1/8 inch (3.2mm).3.
13、9 Rung or step to side rail connections shall be so constructed as to ensuresufficient rigidity and strength to conform to the requirements of theAmerican National Standard noted in section 3.1 above.3.10 Those surfaces of rungs, steps and platforms intended for use inascending, descending, working
14、or standing, shall be designed to enhanceslip resistance by being knurled, serrated, dimpled, corrugated or coatedwith slip resistant material.3.11 All metal parts and fittings shall be free from flaws, cracks, brittlenessand sharp edges, burrs or, projections.Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Compa
15、ny198908 PORTABLE FIBERGLASS LADDERS SL2-2Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 3 of 103.12 All steel components shall have a minimun .00020 inch (O.Ol3mm) zinccoating plus supplemental yellow chromate treatment per federalspecification QQ-Z-325C Typ
16、e II Class 3, and shall show neither whitecorrosion products of zinc nor basis metal corrosion products whenspecimens are subjected to continuous exposure to salt spray for 96 hoursin accordance with ASTM B117 testing requirements.3.13 Aluminum components shall be constructed from 6061-T6 or equival
17、ent alloyand temper. Aluninum rivets shall be constructed from 2117-T4 alloy.4. Specific Requirements4.1 Single LaddersSingle ladders shall be constructed with parallel side rails and shall notexceed 20 ft (6096.0mm) in length. Single ladders shall meet or exceed therequirements for Type 1A extra he
18、avy duty, and shall have a 300-poundrating.4.1.1 The size specification for single ladders shall be as follows:Ladder Size Higest Standing Level Working Height*8 ft (2438.4mm) 4 ft 9 in (1447.8mm) 9 ft 9 in (2971.8mm)10 ft (3048.0mm) 6 ft 9 in (2057.4mm) 11 ft 9 in (3581.4mm)12 ft (3657.6mm) 8 ft 9
19、in (2667.0mm) 13 ft 9 in (4191.0mm)14 ft (4267.2mm) 10 ft 6 in (3200.4mm) 15 ft 6 in (4724.4mm)16 ft (4876.8mm) 12 ft 6 in (3810.0mm) 17 ft 6 in (5330.0mm)18 ft (5486.4mm) 14 ft 6 in (4419.6mm) 19 ft 6 in (5943.6mm)20 ft (6096.0mm) 16 ft 6 in (5029.2mm) 21 ft 6 in (6553.2mm)*Working height based on
20、highest standing level plus 60 in (1524.0mm).4.1.2 Construction Requirements4.1.2.1 Rungs shall be 1-5/8 in (41.3mm) “D” shaped drawn aluminum tubeand shall be hydraulically swaged to aluminum plates whichshall in turn be connected to the side rail with a minimum offour 3/16 inch (4.8mm) diameter so
21、lid aluminum rivets on eachend.4.1.2.2 The top end of each rail shall be closed with a non-marringpolycarbonate or aluminum end cap.Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198908 PORTABLE FIBERGLASS LADDERS SL2-2Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page
22、 4 of 104.1 Single Ladders (contd)4.1.2.3 The lower end of each rail shall be fitted with a combinationspike/tread shoe. The tread shall be of a suction cup design.4.1.2.4 The top rungs of each ladder shall be supported by a pair ofangle braces riveted to the rung and side rail. The anglebraces shal
23、l be constructed of steel with a minimum thicknessof 16 gauge.4.2 Extension LaddersExtension ladders shall be constructed with parallel side rails and shallnot exceed 40 ft (12,192mm) in length. Extension ladders shall meet orexceed the requirements for type 1A extra heavy duty, and shall have a300-
24、pound duty rating. Only two-section extension ladders are approved.4.2.1. The size specification for extension ladders shall be as follows:Total lengthOf SectionsMaximumWorkingLengthHighestStandingLevelMaximumHeight*16 ft ( 4876.8mm) 13 ft(3962.4mm) 9 ft 9 in (2971.8mm) 14 ft 9 in ( 4495.8mm)20 ft (
25、 6096.0mm) 17 ft(5181.6mm) 13 ft 6 in (4114.8mm) 18 ft 6 in ( 5638.8mm)24 ft ( 7315.2mm) 21 ft(6400.8mm) 17 ft 6 in (5334.0mm) 22 ft 6 in ( 6860.6mm)28 ft ( 8534.4mm) 25 ft(7620.0mm) 21 ft 3 in (6477.0mm) 26 ft 3 in ( 8001.0mm)32 ft ( 9753.6mm) 29 ft(8839.2mm) 25 ft 3 in (7696.2mm) 30 ft 3 in ( 9220
26、.2mm)36 ft (10972.8mm) 32 ft(9753.6mm) 28 ft 0 in (8534.4mm) 33 ft 0 in (10058.4mm)40 ft (12192.0mm) 35 ft (10668.0mm)32 ft 0 in (9753.6mm) 37 ft 0 in (11277.6mm)*Maximum working height based on highest standing level plus 60 in(1524.0mm).4.2.2 Construction Requirements4.2.2.1 Rungs shall be 1-5/8 i
27、n (41.3mm) “D” shaped drawn aluminum tubeand shall be hydraulically swaged to aluminum plates whichshall in turn be connected to the side rail with a minimum offour 3/16 in (4.8mm) diameter solid aluminum rivets on eachend.4.2.2.2 A minimum overlap of 3 ft (914.4mm) between sections isrequired on la
28、dders up to and including 32 ft (9753.6mm). A 4-foot (1.219.2mm) overlap is required on ladders longer than 32ft (9753.6mm) up to and including 36 ft. (10972.8mm). A 5-foot(1524.0mm) overlap is required on ladders over 36 ft(10972.8mm) up to and including 40 ft (12192.0mm).Manufacturing StandardsFor
29、d Motor Company198908 PORTABLE FIBERGLASS LADDERS SL2-2Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 5 of 104.2.2.3 Ladders shall incorporate two sets of internal guides and oneset of external guides to make the extension ladder equal instrength, throughout
30、its length to a ladder constructed ofcontinuous side rail.4.2.2.4 The position of guides or other ladder components shall be suchas to assure proper minimum overlap of ladder sections.4.2.2.5 Ladders shall be so constructed to prevent separation of theupper and lower sections without mechanically al
31、tering theladder.4.2.2.6 The bottom and upper section shall be provided with two castaluminum rung locks. The locks shall be so designed as tooperate in any position between zero and 30 from vertical, andshall bear evenly on both rungs. The lock shall operatesmoothly and without binding throughout t
32、he extended length ofthe ladder. The locks shall be attached to the ladder side railwith a minimum 3/16 inch (4.8mm) steel plate.4.2.2.7 The top and bottom rungs of each section shall be supported bya pair of angle braces riveted to the rung and each side rail.The braces shall be constructed of stee
33、l with a minimum of 16gauge.4.2.2.8 The lower end of each base section rail shall be fitted with acombination spike/tread shoe. The tread shall be of a suctioncup design.4.2.2.9 All remaining rail ends shall be closed with a nonmarringpolycarbonate or aluminum end cap.4.2.2.10 Each extension ladder
34、shall be equipped with a rope and pulley.The rope shall be a minimum of 5/16 inch (7.9mm) diameterpolypropylene.4.3 StepladdersStepladders shall meet or exceed the requirements for type 1A extra heavyduty, and shall have a 300 pound duty rating. Stepladders shall range insize from 4 ft (1219.2mm) to
35、 12 ft (3657.6mm) inclusive.Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198908 PORTABLE FIBERGLASS LADDERS SL2-2Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 6 of 104.3.1The size specification for stepladders shall be as follows:Ladder Size Highest Standing lev
36、el Maximum Working Height*4 ft (1219.2mm) 2 ft 0 in ( 609.6mm) 7 ft 0 in (2133.6mm)5 ft (1524.0mm) 2 ft 9 in ( 838.2mm) 7 ft 9 in (2362.5mm)6 ft (1828.8mm) 3 ft 9 in (1145.0mm) 8 ft 9 in (2667.0mm)8 ft (2438.4mm) 5 ft 9 in (1752.6mm) 10 ft 9 in (3276.0mm)10 ft (3048.0mm) 7 ft 6 in (2285.0mm) 12 ft 6
37、 in (38lO.0mm)12 ft (3657.6mm) 9 ft 6 in (2895.6mm) 14 ft 6 in (4419.6mm)*Maximum working height based on highest standing level plus 60 in (1524.0mm).4.3.2 Construction Requirements4.3.2.1 The slope of the front section shall be not less than 4 in(l0l.6mm) front to back for each 12-inch (304.8mm) l
38、ength ofside rail. The slope of the back section shall not be less than3 in (76.2mm) front to back for each 12 inch (304.8mm) lengthof side rail.4.3.2.2 The minimum clear width between the side rails at the top stepshall be 13 in (330.2mm). From top to bottom the spread betweenthe rails shall increa
39、se a minimum of 1-1/4 in (31.8mm) perfoot of side rail length.4.3.2.3 The minimum width of the step tread shall be 3 in (76.2mm).4.3.2.4 The top shall be of one-piece design and shall be constructedof copolymer plastic.4.3.2.5 Step treads shall be fastened to the side rails with a minimumof three 3/
40、16 inch (4.8mm) diameter solid aluminum rivets perstep end.4.3.2.6 Steel spreaders shall be provided on all stepladders. Center-pull type spreaders shall be provided on 4 (1219.2mm), 5(1524.0mm), 6 (1828.8mm), and 8-foot (2438.4mm) lengths. Thesteel shall be of a rounded or safety edge design with a
41、minimum cross section of each spreader am of 3/16 inch (4.8mm)x 1 inch (25.4mm).Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198908 PORTABLE FIBERGLASS LADDERS SL2-2Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 7 of 104.3.2.7 The bottoms of the four rails shall
42、be fitted with safety shoesincorporating a slip resistant tread. The safety shoe shall beattached to the side rails with solid aluminum rivets.4.3.2.8 Ladders intended to be used on open grating shall be fittedwith an optional larger foot pad shoe. The minimum dimension ofthe foot pad shall be 2 in
43、(50.8mm) x 2-1/2 in (63.5mm) for therear rail and 2-1/2 in (63.5mm) x 3-1/2 in (88.9mm) for thefront rail. The shoes shall be permanently riveted to the siderails.4.4. Platform LaddersPlatform ladders shall meet or exceed the requirements for Type 1A extraheavy duty and shall have a 300-pound duty r
44、ating. The size of theplatform ladders shall range from 4 ft (1219.2mm) to 14 ft (4267.2mm)inclusive.4.4.1 The size specification for platform ladders shall be as follows.Ladder SizeLadder Size Highest Standing Level Maximum Working Height*4 ft (1219.2mm) 1 ft 10 in ( 558.8mm) 6 ft 10 in (2082.8mm)6
45、 ft (1828.8mm) 3 ft 8 in (1117.6mm) 8 ft 8 in (2641.6mm)8 ft (2438.4mm) 5 ft 7 in (1701.8mm) 10 ft 7 in (3225.8mm)10 ft (3048.0mm) 7 ft 5 in (2260.0mm) 12 ft 5 in (3784.6mm)12 ft (3657.6mm) 9 ft 4 in (2844.8mm) 14 ft 4 in (4368.8mm)14 ft (4267.2mm) 11 ft 2 in (3403.6mm) 16 ft 2 in (4927.6mm)*Maximum
46、 working height based on highest standing level plus 60 in (1524.0mm).4.4.2 Construction Requirements4.4.2.1 The slope of the front section shall not be less than 4 in(101.6mm) front to back for each 12-inch (304.8mm) length offront rail and the slope of the back section shall not be lessthan 1-3/4
47、in (44.5mm) for each 12-inch (304.8mm) length ofback rail.4.4.2.2 The minimum clear width between side rails at the platformlevel shall not be less than 16-1/2 in (419.1mm).4.4.2.3 The platform shall not be less than 215 sq in (5461.0mm).Manufacturing StandardsFord Motor Company198908 PORTABLE FIBER
48、GLASS LADDERS SL2-2Engineering Standards & Printed copies are uncontrolled.Systems Engineering (ESSE) Page 8 of 104.4.2.4 The top member shall be of a single-piece construction andshall be riveted to the front rail with three 3/16 inch (4.8mm)diameter solid aluminum rivets on each rail.4.4.2.5 Separ
49、ate steel spreaders shall be provided on all platformladders greater than 6 ft (1828.8mm) in size. The minimumcross section of each spreader arm shall be 3/16 inch (4.8mm) x1 inch (25.4mm), and the steel shall be of a rounded or safetyedge design.4.4.2.6 The minimum width of the step tread shall be 3 in (76.2mm).4.4.2.7 The step treads shall be fastened to the side rails with aminimum of three 3/16 inch (4.8mm) diameter solid aluminumrivets.4.4.2.8 The bottoms of four rails shall be fitted with safety shoesincorporating a slip resistant tread. The safety shoes shall b
