1、INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ITU-T TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU x.901 (08/97) SERIES X: DATA NETWORKS AND OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATION Open distributed processing Information technology - Open distributed processing - Reference Model: Overview ITU-T Recommendation X.901 (Pre
2、viously CCITT Recommendation) ITU-T X-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS DATA NETWORKS AND OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATION PUBLIC DATA NETWORKS Services and facilities Interfaces Transmission, signalling and switching Network aspects Maintenance Administrative arrangements OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION Model and notati
3、on Service definitions Connection-mode protocol specifications Connectionless-mode protocol specifications PICS proformas Protocol Identification Security Protocols Layer Managed Objects Conformance testing . INTERWORKING BETWEEN NETWORKS General Satellite data transmission systems MESSAGE HANDLING
4、SYSTEMS DIRECTORY OS1 NETWORKING AND SYSTEM ASPECTS Networking Efficiency Naming, Addressing and Registration Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN. 1) Systems Management framework and architecture Management Communication Service and Protocol Structure of Management Information Management functions OS1
5、 MANAGEMENT SECURITY OS1 APPLICATIONS Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery Transaction processing X.l-X.199 X. 1 -X. 19 X.20-X.49 X.50-X.89 X.90-X. 149 X.150-X.179 X.180-X.199 X.200-X.299 X.200-X.209 X.210-X.219 X.220-X. 229 X.230-X.239 X.240-X.259 X.260-X.269 X.270-X.279 X.280-X.289 X.290-X.299 X.3
6、00-X.399 X.300-X.349 X.350-X.399 X.400-X.499 X.500-X.599 X.600-X.699 X.600-X.629 X.630-X.649 X.650-X.679 X.680-X.699 X.700-X.799 X.700-X.709 X.7 1 O-X.7 1 9 X.720-X.729 X.730-X.799 X. 800-X. 849 X.850-X.899 X.850-X.859 X.860-X.879 Remote operations X.880-X.899 For further details, please refer to IT
7、U-T List of Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 10746-1 ITU-T RECOMMENDATION X.901 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - OPEN DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING - REFERENCE MODEL: OVERVIEW Summary . This Recommendation I Intemational Standard is an integral part of the ODP Reference Model. It contains a motivational ove
8、rview of Open Distributed Processing (ODP), giving scoping, justification and explanation of key concepts, and an outline of the ODP architecture. It contains explanatory material on how this Reference Model is to be interpreted and applied by its users, who may include standards writers and archite
9、cts of ODP systems. It also contains a categorization of required areas of standardization expressed in terms of the reference points for conformance identified in ITU-T Rec. X.903 I ISO/IEC 10746-3. Source The ITU-T Recommendation X.901 was approved on the 9th of August 1997. The identical text is
10、also published as ISO/IEC International Standard 10746- 1. ITU-T Rec. X.901 (1997 E) 1 FOREWORD ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is the United Nations Specialized Agency in the field of telecommuni- cations. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (IT-T) is a permanent organ of t
11、he ITU. The ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Conference (WTSC), which meets every four years, establishes t
12、he topics for study by the ITU-T Study Groups which, in their turn, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of Recommendations by the Members of the ITU-T is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSC Resolution No. 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts pu
13、rview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with IS0 and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expression “Administration” is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS The ITU draw
14、s attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. The ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU member
15、s or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, the ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementors are cautioned that this may
16、not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database. O ITU 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without per
17、mission in writing from the ITU. 11 ITU-T Rec. X.901 (1997 E) CONTENTS Scope and field of application . Normative references 2.1 2.2 2.3 International Standards . . Definitions 3.1 Definitions in this Recommendation I Intemational Standard . 3.2 Denitions from other Recommendations 1 International S
18、tandards Abbreviations . Conventions . ODP standardization 6.1 Objectives and motivation 6.2 Realization 6.2.1 Object modelling . 6.2.2 Viewpoint specifications . 6.2.3 Distribution transparency 6.2.4 Conformance . 6.3 Standards . 6.3.1 The Reference Model . Foundations . Identical Recommendations I
19、 International Standards . Paired Recommendations 1 International Standards equivalent in . 6.3.2 Specific standards . 7.1 7.2 7.3 Basic modelling concepts 7.1.1 Objects 7.1.2 Interfaces and interaction points . 7.1.3 Behaviour and state . Specification concepts 7.2.1 CornpositiodDecomposition 7.2.2
20、 Behavioural compatibility 7.2.3 Type and class . 7.2.4 Templates 7.2.5 Roles . 7.2.6 Base classes and derived classes . Structuring concepts 7.3.1 Groups and domains . 7.3.2 Naming . 7.3.3 Contract . 7.3.4 Liaison and binding . Architecture 8.1 Architectural framework . 8.1.1 Viewpoints 8.1.2 Distr
21、ibution transparencies . 8.2 Enterprise language . 8.3 Information language 8.4 Computational language . 8.4.1 Computational interfaces . 8.4.2 Binding model . Typing and subtyping for computational interfaces 8.4.4 Portability 8.4.3 . ITU-T Rec . X.901(1997 E) Page 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9
22、 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 17 19 20 21 21 23 24 . 111 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Engineering language . 8.5.1 Clusters, capsules and nodes . 8.5.2 Channels . . 8.5.3 Interface references 8.5.4 Binding . 8.5.5 Channel establishment 8.5.6 Management interfaces .
23、8.5.7 Interceptors . 8.5.8 Conformance points . Technology language Consistency between viewpoints 8.7.1 Enterprise viewpoint consistency with other viewpoints 8.7.2 Correspondences between computational and engineering specifications ODP functions 8.8.1 Management functions 8.8.2 Coordination funct
24、ions 8.8.3 Repository functions . 8.8.4 ODP distribution transparencies . 8.9.1 Access transparency 8.9.2 Failure transparency . 8.9.4 Migration transparency . . Security functions . . 8.9.3 Location transparency . 8.9.5 Persistence transparency . 8.9.6 Relocation transparency 8.9.7 Replication tran
25、sparency . 8.9.8 Transaction transparency . . 9 Conformance assessment . Conformance assessment and the development process . Conformance assessment: Relevant relationships . 9.1 9.2 9.3 Conformance points and related concepts . . 9.4 ODP conformance specifications 9.4.1 Level of abstraction . 9.4.2
26、 Use of multiple reference points . 9.5 Conformance implications of viewpoint languages 9.6 Conformance assessment activities . Management of ODP systems 10.1 Management domains . 10.2 Management policy . 10.3 Modelling management structures 1 1.1 Enterprise viewpoint . The application of standards
27、. 1 O 11 The use of standards in ODP systems 11.1.1 Enterprise specification . 11 -2.1 Information specification 11.3.1 Computational specification 11.3.2 The application of standards . . 11.4.1 Engineering specification The application of standards . 11.5 Technology viewpoint . 11.5.1 Technology sp
28、ecification 11.5.2 The application of standards . 11.1.2 11.2 Information viewpoint 11.2.2 The application of standards 1 1.3 Computational viewpoint . 11.4 Engineering viewpoint 11.4.2 iv ITU-T Rec . X.901(1997 E) Page 24 25 25 28 29 29 30 30 32 32 32 34 35 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41
29、 41 41 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 51 51 51 52 12 Examples of ODP specifications . 12.1 Multimedia Conferencing System . 12.1.1 Introduction . 12.1.2 Enterprise specification . 12.1.3 Information specification 12.1.4 Computational specification . 12.1 . 5 Eng
30、ineering specification 12.1.6 Technology specification Multiparty audiolvideo stream binding . 12.2.1 General description . 12.2.2 Enterprise specification . 12.2.3 Information specification 12.2.4 Computational specification 12.2.5 Engineering specification 12.2.6 Technology specification A managem
31、ent example - Metric Object 12.3.1 Enterprise specification . 12.3.2 Information specification 12.4 Database example . 12.4.2 Information specification 12.4.3 Computational specification . 12.2 12.3 12.3.3 Computational specification . 12.4.1 Enterprise specification . Annex A . Bibliography ITU-T R
32、ec . X.901 (1997 E) Page 52 53 53 54 55 55 58 60 60 60 61 62 64 67 68 68 69 70 71 72 72 72 72 76 V STD-ITU-T RECMN X*SOL-ENGL 1777 48b2591 Ob43912 Ob7 = Introduction The rapid growth of distributed processing has led to a need for a coordinating framework for the standardization of Open Distributed
33、Processing (ODP). This Reference Model provides such a framework. It creates an architecture within which support of distribution, interworking and portability can be integrated. The Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing, ITU-T Rec. X.901 1 ISOIEC 10746-1 to ITU-T Rec. X.904 I ISO/IEC 10746
34、-4, is based on precise concepts denved from current distributed processing developments and, as far as possible, on the use of formal description techniques for specification of the architecture. The RM-ODP (ISO/IEC 10746) consists of: - ITU-T Rec. X.901 I ISO/IEC 10746-1: Overview: contains a moti
35、vational overview of ODP giving scoping, justification and explanation of key concepts, and an outline of the ODP architecture. It contains explanatory material on how this Reference Model is to be interpreted and applied by its users, who may include standards writers and architects of ODP systems.
36、 It also contains a categorization of required areas of standardization expressed in terms of the reference points for conformance identified in ITU-T Rec. X.903 1 ISOAEC 10746-3. These common texts are not normative. ITU-T Rec. X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2: Foundations: contains the definition of the co
37、ncepts and analytical framework for normalized description of (arbitrary) distributed processing systems. This is only to a level of detail sufficient-to support IT-T Rec. X.903 1 ISOfiEC 10746-3 and to establish requirements for new specification techniques. These common texts are normative. - ITU-
38、T Rec. X.903 I ISO/IEC 10746-3: Architecture: contains the specification of the required characteristics that quali provides an overview of the Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) and an explanation of its key concepts; gives guidance on the application of the RM-ODP. . - This Re
39、commendation I International Standard covers both overview and detailed explanation, and can be consulted in various ways when reading the standards: a) if you intend to read only this Recommendation I International Standard, to gain a general understanding of the importance of ODP to your organizat
40、ion, concentrate on clause 6; if you intend to study the whole RM-ODP, you should also read clause 6 before moving on to ITU-T Rec. X.902 1 ISO/IEC 10746-2 and IT-T Rec. X.903 1 ISOIIEC 10746-3; as you read ITU-T Rec. X.902 1 ISOIEC 10746-2 and IT-T Rec. X.903 1 ISO/IEC 10746-3 you may wish to consu
41、lt clauses 7 to 10, which give supporting explanation for the various concepts that these common texts define; d) when you have completed a first reading of ITU-T Rec. X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2 and ITU-T Rec. X.903 1 ISO/IEC 10746-3, read clauses 11 and 12 which discuss the use of standards in ODP sys
42、tem specifications, and provide some examples of applying the ODP concepts in the specification of systems. b) c) 2 Normative references I The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation
43、I Intemational Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation 1 Intemational Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent
44、edition of the Recommendation and international Standard listed below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommendation
45、s 1 International Standards - ITZT-T Recommendation X.200 (1994) 1 ISOAEC 7498-1:1994, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model. TU-T Recommendation X.207 (1 993) I ISO/IEC 9545: 1994, Information technology - Open Sstems Interconnection - 4pplic
46、ation Layer structure. ITU-T Recommendation X.720 (1993) I ISOhEC 10165-1:1993, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Structure of management information: Management Information Model. - - ITU-T Rec. X.901 (1997 E) 1 - STD-ITU-T RECMN X-SOL-ENGL 1997 m 48b257L ObL13YL4 73T m ISOfiE
47、C 10746-1 : 1997 (E) - ITU-T Recommendation X.902 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996, Information technology - Open distributedprocessing - Reference Model: Foundations. ITU-T Recommendation X.903 (1995) I ISOAEC 10746-3: 1996, Information technology - Open distributed processing - Reference Model: Archi
48、tecture. - ITU-T Recommendation X.904 (1997) I ISO/IEC 10746-4:1998, Information technology - Open distributed processing - Reference Model: Architectural semantics. - 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 Paired Recommendations 1 International Standards equivalent in technical content - ITU-T Recommendation X.290 (1995),
49、OSI conformance testing methodology and framework for protocol Recommendations for ITU-T applications - General concepts. ISO/IEC 9646-1 : 1994, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Conformance testing methodology andfi.amework - Part I: General concepts. - International Standards - ISO/IEC 1 1578-2): Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Remote Procedure Call (RPC) - Part 2: Interface Dejnition Notation. ISOflEC TR 10000- 1 : 1995, Information technology - Framework and taxonomy of International Standardized Profiles - Part
