1、 International Telecommunication Union ITU-T X.902TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (10/2009) SERIES X: DATA NETWORKS, OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY Open distributed processing Information technology Open Distributed Processing Reference model: Foundations Recommendation ITU-
2、T X.902 ITU-T X-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS DATA NETWORKS, OPEN SYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS AND SECURITY PUBLIC DATA NETWORKS Services and facilities X.1X.19 Interfaces X.20X.49 Transmission, signalling and switching X.50X.89 Network aspects X.90X.149 Maintenance X.150X.179 Administrative arrangements X.180X.1
3、99 OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION Model and notation X.200X.209 Service definitions X.210X.219 Connection-mode protocol specifications X.220X.229 Connectionless-mode protocol specifications X.230X.239 PICS proformas X.240X.259 Protocol Identification X.260X.269 Security Protocols X.270X.279 Layer Mana
4、ged Objects X.280X.289 Conformance testing X.290X.299 INTERWORKING BETWEEN NETWORKS General X.300X.349 Satellite data transmission systems X.350X.369 IP-based networks X.370X.379 MESSAGE HANDLING SYSTEMS X.400X.499DIRECTORY X.500X.599 OSI NETWORKING AND SYSTEM ASPECTS Networking X.600X.629 Efficienc
5、y X.630X.639 Quality of service X.640X.649 Naming, Addressing and Registration X.650X.679 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) X.680X.699 OSI MANAGEMENT Systems Management framework and architecture X.700X.709 Management Communication Service and Protocol X.710X.719 Structure of Management Informati
6、on X.720X.729 Management functions and ODMA functions X.730X.799 SECURITY X.800X.849 OSI APPLICATIONS Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery X.850X.859 Transaction processing X.860X.879 Remote operations X.880X.889 Generic applications of ASN.1 X.890X.899 OPEN DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING X.900X.999 INFORMA
7、TION AND NETWORK SECURITY X.1000X.1099 SECURE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES X.1100X.1199 CYBERSPACE SECURITY X.1200X.1299SECURE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES X.1300X.1399 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. ISO/IEC 10746-2:2010 (E) Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009) iINTERNATIONA
8、L STANDARD ISO/IEC 10746-2 RECOMMENDATION ITU-T X.902 Information technology Open Distributed Processing Reference model: Foundations Summary Recommendation ITU-T X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2 contains the definition of the concepts and analytical framework for normalized description of (arbitrary) distri
9、buted processing systems. It introduces the principles of conformance to ODP standards and the way in which they are applied. This is only to a level of detail sufficient to support Recommendation ITU-T X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3 and to establish requirements for new specification techniques. Source Re
10、commendation ITU-T X.902 was approved on 29 October 2009 by ITU-T Study Group 17 (2009-2012) under Recommendation ITU-T A.8 procedures. An identical text is also published as ISO/IEC 10746-2. ISO/IEC 10746-2:2010 (E) Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009) ii FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (I
11、TU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and is
12、suing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these t
13、opics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE In this Recommendation, the expressi
14、on “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure e.g., interoperability or applicability
15、) and compliance with the Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recom
16、mendation is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of
17、 claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the Recommendation development process. As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to implement this R
18、ecommendation. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoe
19、ver, without the prior written permission of ITU. ISO/IEC 10746-2:2010 (E) Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009) iiiCONTENTS Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Definitions from other Recommendations | International Standards.
20、1 3.2 Background definitions . 1 4 Abbreviations . 2 5 Categorization of concepts . 2 6 Basic interpretation concepts 3 7 Basic linguistic concepts 3 8 Basic modelling concepts. 4 9 Specification concepts 6 9.1 Composition 6 9.3 Decomposition 6 10 Organizational concepts . 10 11 Properties of system
21、s and objects. 11 11.1 Transparencies 11 11.2 Policy concepts . 11 11.3 Temporal properties 12 12 Naming concepts 13 13 Concepts for behaviour. 13 13.1 Activity structure. 13 13.2 Contractual behaviour . 13 13.3 Service concepts 15 13.4 Causality 15 13.5 Establishing behaviours 15 13.6 Dependability
22、 16 14 Management concepts 16 15 ODP approach to conformance 17 15.1 Conformance to ODP standards 17 15.2 Testing and reference points . 17 15.3 Classes of reference points 17 15.4 Change of configuration 18 15.5 The conformance testing process 18 15.6 The result of testing. 19 15.7 Relation between
23、 reference points 19 ISO/IEC 10746-2:2010 (E) Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009) iv Introduction The rapid growth of distributed processing has led to a need for a coordinating framework for the standardization of open distributed processing (ODP). This reference model of ODP provides such a framework. It c
24、reates an architecture within which support of distribution, interworking, and portability can be integrated. The reference model of open distributed processing (RM-ODP), Recommendations ITU-T X.901 | ISO/IEC 10746-1 to X.904 | ISO/IEC 10746-4, is based on precise concepts derived from current distr
25、ibuted processing developments and, as far as possible, on the use of formal description techniques for specification of the architecture. The RM-ODP consists of: Recommendation ITU-T X.901 | ISO/IEC 10746-1: Overview: Contains a motivational overview of ODP, giving scoping, justification and explan
26、ation of key concepts, and an outline of the ODP architecture. It contains explanatory material on how the RM-ODP is to be interpreted and applied by its users, who may include standards writers and architects of ODP systems. It also contains a categorization of required areas of standardization exp
27、ressed in terms of the reference points for conformance identified in Rec. ITU-T X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3. This part is not normative. Recommendation ITU-T X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2: Foundations: Contains the definition of the concepts and analytical framework for normalized description of (arbitrary)
28、distributed processing systems. It introduces the principles of conformance to ODP standards and the way in which they are applied. This is only to a level of detail sufficient to support Rec. ITU-T X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3 and to establish requirements for new specification techniques. This part is
29、normative. Recommendation ITU-T X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3: Architecture: Contains the specification of the required characteristics that qualify distributed processing as open. These are the constraints to which ODP standards must conform. It uses the descriptive techniques from Rec. ITU-T X.902 | ISO
30、/IEC 10746-2. This part is normative. Recommendation ITU-T X.904 | ISO/IEC 10746-4: Architectural semantics: Contains a formalization of the ODP modelling concepts defined in this Recommendation | International Standard (clauses 8 and 9). The formalization is achieved by interpreting each concept in
31、 terms of the constructs of the different standardized formal description techniques. This part is normative. This Recommendation | International Standard does not contain any annexes. ISO/IEC 10746-2:2010 (E) Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009) 1INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ITU-T RECOMMENDATION Information techno
32、logy Open Distributed Processing Reference model: Foundations 1 Scope This Recommendation | International Standard covers the concepts which are needed to perform the modelling of ODP systems (see clauses 6 to 14), and the principles of conformance to ODP systems (see 15). The concepts defined in cl
33、auses 6 to 14 are used in the reference model of open distributed processing to support the definitions of: a) the structure of the family of standards which are subject to the reference model; b) the structure of distributed systems which claim compliance with the reference model (the configuration
34、 of the systems); c) the concepts needed to express the combined use of the various standards supported; d) the basic concepts to be used in the specifications of the various components which make up the open distributed system. Clause 15 defines how the various standards supported constrain an impl
35、ementation and how such an implementation can be tested. 2 Normative references The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the e
36、ditions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below
37、. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards Recommendation ITU-T X.903 (1995) | ISO/I
38、EC 10746-3:1996, Information technology Open Distributed Processing Reference Model: Architecture. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 Definitions from other Recommendations | International Standards There are no defini
39、tions from other Recommendations | International Standards in this Recommendation | International Standard. 3.2 Background definitions 3.2.1 data: The representations of informationdealt with by information systems and users thereof. 3.2.2 distributed processing: Information processing in which disc
40、rete components may be located in different places, and where communication between components may suffer delay or may fail. 3.2.3 ODP standards: This Reference Model and those standards that comply with it, directly or indirectly. 3.2.4 open distributed processing: Distributed processing designed t
41、o conform to ODP standards. 3.2.5 ODP system: A system (see 6.5) which conforms to the requirements of ODP standards. ISO/IEC 10746-2:2010 (E) Rec. ITU-T X.902 (10/2009) 2 3.2.6 information: Any kind of knowledge that is exchangeable amongst users, about things, facts, concepts and so on, in a unive
42、rse of discourse. Although information will necessarily have some forms of representation to make it communicable, it is the interpretation of this representation (the meaning) that is relevant in the first place. 3.2.7 viewpoint (on a system): A form of abstraction achieved using a selected set of
43、architectural concepts and structuring rules, in order to focus on particular concerns within a system. 3.2.8 viewpoint correspondence: A statement that some terms or other linguistic constructs in a specification from one viewpoint are associated with (e.g., describe the same entities as) terms or
44、constructs in a specification from a second viewpoint. The forms of association that can be expressed will depend on the specification technique used. NOTE The terms associated by a correspondence need not necessarily be expressed using a single specification technique. The correspondence may associ
45、ate a term in one specification technique with a term in some different specification technique. Rather than linking every individual pair of terms, general correspondences can also be expressed between specification techniques themselves. For example, composition operators defined in different spec
46、ification techniques can be associated, implying correspondences wherever these operators are used to link terms in the respective viewpoints. 4 Abbreviations For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following abbreviations apply: ODP Open Distributed Processing OSI Open
47、 Systems Interconnection PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement PIXIT Protocol Implementation Extra Information for Testing RM-ODP Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing TP Transaction Processing 5 Categorization of concepts The modelling concepts defined in this Recommendation |
48、 International Standard are categorized as follows: a) Basic interpretation concepts: Concepts for the interpretation of the modelling constructs of any ODP modelling language. These concepts are described in clause 6. b) Basic linguistic concepts: Concepts related to languages; the grammar of any l
49、anguage for the specification of the ODP architecture must be described in terms of these concepts. These concepts are described in clause 7. c) Basic modelling concepts: Concepts for building the ODP architecture; the modelling constructs of any language must be based on these concepts. These concepts are described in clause 8. d) Specification concepts: Concepts related to the requirements of the chosen specification languages used in ODP. These concepts are not intrinsic to distribution and distributed sys
