1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 165 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 One problem with much personality research is that it examines and rates whatever traits the researchers are interested in at the
2、time: conscientiousness, emotional stability and so on. But when we 【B1 】_ someone in real life, we dont consider an array of personality measures; instead, we focus on a few【B2】_traits that sum up the【B3】_of the person. One is particularly anxious, another is【B4】_reliable, yet another is a “live wi
3、re“. While we might hesitate to characterize individuals along every personality dimension, we can accurately identify them 【B5】_ their key characteristics.In research at Stanford University, Daryl Ben and Andrea Allen tested this idea by first asking college students 【B6】_ they were consistently or
4、 only occasionally friendly and then 【B7】_ their parents and friends how friendly the students were. Ben and Allen observed how the students acted under two specific conditions:【B8】_they spoke in small groups and how quickly they【B9】_a conversation with strangers. The researchers found that students
5、 who considered themselves consistently friendly were indeed more likely to be【B10】_in both circumstances than were those who【B11】_themselves only intermittently friendly.【B12】_that, the friendliness ratings by parents and peers of the students who were consistently friendly were very similar【B13】_t
6、he students self-ratings and【B14】_accurately how they would act in two conditions. It seems that we can【B15】_ourselves accurately and that others can rate us very well on traits【 B16】_serve as our trademarks.To predict how someone will behave in a given situation, we must【B17 】_the requirements of t
7、he situation with the trademark characteristics of the person【B18 】_. People who are strongly of one type or【B19】_should react predictably in a given situation,【B20】_the behavior of other, more diffuse personalities is harder to anticipate.1 【B1 】（A）illustrate（B） portray（C） paint（D）describe2 【B2 】（A
8、）distinctive（B） special（C） distinguished（D）prominent3 【B3 】（A）character（B） feature（C） essence（D）manner4 【B4 】（A）collectively（B） consistently（C） remarkably（D）annually5 【B5 】（A）by（B） against（C） from（D）with6 【B6 】（A）if（B） when（C） why（D）that7 【B7 】（A）asked（B） ask（C） asking（D）asks8 【B8 】（A）how much（B） ho
9、w often（C） how well（D）how long9 【B9 】（A）covered up（B） started up（C） brought up（D）set up10 【B10 】（A）friendly（B） talkative（C） easy-going（D）passionate11 【B11 】（A）ranked（B） scored（C） rated（D）evaluated12 【B12 】（A）Beyond（B） So（C） Except（D）After13 【B13 】（A）as（B） to（C） like（D）with14 【B14 】（A）indicated（B） pr
10、edicted（C） propelled（D）reflected15 【B15 】（A）interpret（B） understand（C） know（D）judge16 【B16 】（A）but（B） or（C） that（D）and17 【B17 】（A）match（B） meet（C） satisfy（D）identify18 【B18 】（A）needed（B） involved（C） related（D）correlated19 【B19 】（A）not（B） other（C） another（D）two20 【B20 】（A）or（B） while（C） since（D）howev
11、erPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 What if someone came up with a new technology product that was hailed as a breakthrough with the potential to rival the smartphone, but then didnt make it available to 85 p
12、er cent of possible buyers? That is what Apple is about to do with the launch of its Watch. It will start collecting orders online from Friday and release the device in nine countries in two weeks.For something that carries with it the best hope yet for a new “wearables“ computing platform, the Watc
13、h risks being hamstrung. Only a subset of Apple s existing customers will end up owning one. That is because it is yoked to the iPhone(which is used by only one in six smartphone owners): Watch gets its connectivity from the iPhone, and the only apps that work on it are extensions of the ones that a
14、re carried by Apple s App Store for use on its own mobile devices.Platforms, by contrast, benefit from network effects as other tech companies add complementary products and services, such as apps, which in turn draw more users. Jobs finally bowed to the power of the platform idea with the App Store
15、 for Apples mobile devices. But, according to US management professors David Yoffle and Michael Cusumano, the mix he exhibited is still evident at Apple and could result in the tech group squandering a lead in the post-smartphone computing platform.The picture is not black and white. It is probably
16、better to think of the Watch as an extension of an existing tech platform, rather than a product with no platform aspirations at all. It will, after all, run stripped-down apps from third parties. As such, it represents a first, cautious play in a new market where there are likely to be rethinks alo
17、ng the way.The first iterations of these products didnt set the world on fire. Apple sold fewer than 1 million iPods in the first year and only about 6 million iPhones. Watch 1.0 should at least do much better than that. Most analysts are predicting sales of 20-40 million in the first year. But this
18、 could still represent a missed opportunity if Apple cedes a dominant market share in wearables to Google s Android, as it has in smartphones.21 What problem is Apple Watch about to deal with?（A）It cant surpass the previous classical products.（B） It can t be obtained by many potential customers.（C）
19、It can only be got by online.（D）It can only be sold in nine countries.22 Apple Watch risks being hamstrung because it_.（A）is binded to the iPhone（B） has been given high expectations（C） needs to get its connectivity to the mobile phone（D）can be only obtained from Apple s App store23 According to Davi
20、d Yoffie and Michael Cusumano,_.（A）Jobs doesn t accept the power of the platform idea（B） Jobs complicated attitude has no influence on his company（C） Apple may lose its leading position in the post-smartphone computing platform（D）Jobs doesn t think platforms can benefit from network effects24 The fi
21、rst sentence “The picture is not black and white“ in Paragraph 4 means_.（A）the picture is colorful（B） the situation is obvious（C） right and wrong is obvious（D）the thing is not absolute25 It can be concluded from the last paragraph that_.（A）Apple Watch can t attract many people（B） Apple Watch won t s
22、ell well（C） its hard for analysts to estimate the sales volume of Apple Watch（D）Apple should learn a lesson from what it has done in smartphone market25 What do you do when a charismatic marine mammal is wreaking havoc by gorging on a threatened species that humans also find delicious? That s the aw
23、kward problem faced by wildlife managers along the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon states, where sea lions have been congregating for the past decade to feast on salmon waiting to climb the fish ladders at the base of the Bonneville Dam on their spring voyage upriver to spawn.To protect the
24、Chinook salmon and steelhead in the river, some of which are listed as threatened populations, in 2008 the states of Washington and Oregon obtained permission from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Silver Spring, Maryland, to kill California sea lions(which are normally protecte
25、d)seen feeding repeatedly at the dam, after attempts to frighten the animals away proved ineffective.In response, the Humane Society of the United States, based in Washington DC, and others filed a lawsuit to stop the practice and their legal challenges have continued. A US district court in Portlan
26、d, Oregon, is expected to hear full arguments for a final ruling in the next few weeks. In the meantime, more than 40 California sea lions have been killed and 11 transferred to aquaria and zoos.Survey data collected by the US Army Corps of Engineers during the years of the killing show that numbers
27、 of California sea lions are decreasing at the dam, along with the amount of salmon they eat. The corps and others attribute this to the removal program.But the killing may have been too successful. Last year, the larger Steller sea lions, which arrived in earnest at the dam in 2005 and have returne
28、d in greater numbers each year, outnumbered California sea lions for the first time and ate fully half of the predated salmon.The problem with this shift is that Steller sea lions are themselves listed as a threatened species, meaning that “hazing“disturbing them with, for example, rubber bulletsis
29、the only option for dealing with them.A key issue is exactly how much the sea lions are affecting the salmon, particularly the species that are listed as threatened. This is a difficult question to answer. Yet the Humane Society says that the killing focuses on the wrong problemsea lionsinstead of r
30、educing the allowable fishing catch, improving habitat, and reducing losses from hydropower, which it maintains are greater threats to the fish.26 Why do salmon appear at the base of the Bonneville Dam?（A）Because they are bred there.（B） Because they need swim upstream to multiply.（C） Because they we
31、re brought there by flood.（D）Because people farm salmon in this river for its delicious taste.27 What was the result of the 2008 California sea lions removal program?（A）Another kind of sea lions came and caused more harm to salmon.（B） The killing of the California sea lions solved the problem satisf
32、actorily.（C） The program was opposed by all the people in the US.（D）The number of the salmon greatly increased.28 The word “hazing“(Para. 6)probably means_.（A）shooting them with rubber bullets（B） driving them away（C） gathering and catching them（D）threatening them away29 Why cannot Steller lions be r
33、emoved the same way as the California lions?（A）Because they themselves are endangered animals.（B） Because they are so large that the removal program does not apply to them.（C） Because they pose threats to human.（D）Because they are of large quantity.30 According to the passage, what is most important
34、 in solving this awkward problem?（A）Reducing the number of the sea lions.（B） Recognizing whether the sea lions are the main threats to the salmon.（C） Banning the catch of the fish in the Columbia River.（D）Forming a good habit of catching fish.30 Women are crucial to US economic growth. Indeed, since
35、 womens participation in the workforce took off, in the 1970s, their productivity has accounted for about a quarter of current GDP. But women still arent reaching their full economic potential. One important reason is that far too many highly skilled women simply don t progress up the ladder in corp
36、orate America.A new McKinsey report, Unlocking the full potential of women in the US economy, delves into the details of this well-known phenomenon. The problem isnt simply a lack of flexible working conditions or support for working mothers. Nor is it an inability to get women into the workforce or
37、 womens desire to opt out; most cant afford to. Instead, entrenched mind-sets and behaviorsat companies and among women themselvesare two of the biggest culprits in preventing women from advancing. The issue is particularly acute at the transition from middle manager to senior manager, a point when
38、women have proven themselves professionally yet a disproportionate share leave corporate careers. For many, invisible biases become impassable.Our research included a survey of some 2,500 college-educated men and women. One striking discovery is that women who have progressed from entry-level jobs t
39、o middle management, and then from middle management to senior management, have, at each stage, an increasing interest in being leaders and an increasing belief that opportunities exist.How can companies help more women retain that enthusiasm? Most companies are already working hard to reduce struct
40、ural problems(such as a lack of role models or access to informal net works)and are trying to shift work practices to meet their employees desire for a work-life balance. However, our survey and interviews uncovered some more insidious, difficult-to-address problems. These include senior executives
41、perceptions that certain jobs just shouldnt be available to women and a tendency to reward men for their potential but women only for their performance. Many women react to these barriers and biases by reducing their corporate ambitions in favor of achieving greater satisfaction across their livesan
42、d companies lose out entirely.If women are to reach their full potential in the economy, companies must do at least as much to address those issues as they are doing to address the ones they can more easily see. Helping middle-management women to develop and advance will make the biggest difference
43、because it will begin to reshape the corporate talent pipeline and help companies reach their goal of advancing more women to the top.31 According to the new McKinsey report, women stopped to progress because_.（A）working mothers find it difficult to balance work and family（B） women prefer to stay aw
44、ay from the competitive work（C） most women cant take the risk to change their posts（D）women cant overcome the deep-rooted biases at the workplace32 According to the survey in the research, as women get higher level jobs, they_.（A）have more confidence in proving their professional ability（B） have mor
45、e desire to stand out to lead the team（C） face more pressure from the company and their peers（D）find they are able to catch more opportunities of promotion33 The word “insidious“(Para. 4)most probably means_.（A）widespread（B） superficial（C） harmful（D）stubborn34 According to the passage, middle-manage
46、ment women_.（A）are the most productive force in the company（B） are mostly content with what they have achieved（C） need companys help to fully realize their potential（D）are willing to face the issues with their companies35 What is the authors attitude towards womens getting into top-level management?
47、（A）Supportive.（B） Uncertain.（C） Critical.（D）Hopeful.35 Institutions of higher learning must move, as the historian Walter Russell Mead puts it, from a model of “time served“ to a model of “stuff learned.“ Because increasingly the world does not care what you know. Everything is on Google. The world
48、only cares, and will only pay for, what you can do with what you know. And therefore it will not pay for a C-plus in chemistry, just because your state college considers that a passing grade and was willing to give you a diploma. We re moving to a more competency-based world, where there will be les
49、s interest in how you acquired the competency and more demand to prove that you mastered the competency.Therefore, we have to get beyond the current system of information and deliverythe professorial “sage on the stage“ and students taking notes, followed by a superficial assessment, to one in which students are asked and empowered to master more basic material online at their own pace, and the clas
