1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 165 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The first official transplant from an animal to a human occurred back in 1682. The recipient was a Russian nobleman with an injured head; a surgeon patc
2、hed him up with a piece of dog skull. By the late 1800s frog skin grafts were the fashion. One British army surgeon claimed hundreds of successes for severe burns victims and patients with skin ulcers. Xenotransplantation, as such animal-to-human donations are known, has had a surprisingly long hist
3、ory. Unfortunately almost all attempts have been miserable failures.Science only learnt why in the 1940s with the discovery of rejection. When human organs are transferred from person to person, the immune system attacks and destroys what it sees as a foreign substance. When the body part comes from
4、 another species the attack is usually even more fierce. The fact is, now there arent enough human donors to satisfy the demand and there will never be. So researchers the world over are seeking ways to get around the rejection reactions for xenotransplants. Many are confident we will eventually per
5、fect the animal-human donation and the organ shortage will be solved for ever.The most likely candidates are pigs. They are roughly the same size as people, so mechanically speaking, their organs should be up to the job. Pigs also have ethical advantages. It could be said, for instance, that chimpan
6、zees should never be used for human transplants; that there is something inherently wrong with killing and harvesting the body parts of a perfectly healthy ape just to keep some elderly, sick person alive. Its hard to make the same argument for pigs: We breed them to eat anyway. Still, there will no
7、 doubt be people who feel uneasy about having parts of other species put into people. Personally, the alternativedeathmakes me more uneasy.But theres a very real concern with xenotransplantation: the possibility of new diseases being introduced in the process. On the positive side, people and pigs h
8、ave been living in close contact for thousands of years and only a few illnesses have been passed on to us. Some say therefore the chance of a new highly deadly malady being caught is remote. But theres a big difference between living with a pig and having part of one inside you. Proviruses are a po
9、tential source of problems. When certain viruses infect animals or people they hijack the victims body and direct it to produce more copies of the infectious virus. What is worse, the viruses could be passed from generation to generation. Patients undergoing xenotransplantation will be especially vu
10、lnerable, because their natural defenses are down. The hunt is on to find any potentially dangerous pig proviruses. 1 Almost all attempts in xenotransplantation have failed because（A）rejection was discovered.（B） the organs from other animals carried certain viruses.（C） they were unethical practices
11、and were objected to by the society.（D）the recipients body mechanisms rejected a foreign substance.2 We cant choose organs of apes for transplantation because（A）their organs carry deadly viruses.（B） it is morally wrong to kill an ape.（C） they are not the same size as people.（D）they are not as health
12、y as human beings.3 Whats the authors attitude towards xenotransplantation?（A）Favorable.（B） Critical.（C） Resistant.（D）Doubtful.4 Which of the following is true according to the passage?（A）When the body part comes from the same species, the recipients immune system will accept it with no rejection.（B
13、） There is little concern about pig-to-human donation because its comparatively safe to live with a pig.（C） Proviruses could make the body produce more infectious viruses when they are transplanted into human beings.（D）Recipients of xenotransplantation will live a more healthy life because their imm
14、une system will be perfected.5 What is the best title for the passage?（A）The Bright Future for Mans Health（B） The Exploration on Xenotransplantation（C） The Most Likely Candidates for Xenotransplantation（D）Animals Role in Saving Mans Life5 There is a new service from Expedia, Travelocity and other tr
15、avel websites: environmental expiation. If you wish, when you buy a plane ticket, they will figure out how much carbon your trip will be adding to the atmosphere and charge you to make up for it. The money goes to nonprofit groups that either plant trees to absorb the carbon or produce an equal amou
16、nt of energy in an eco-friendly way. You are still increasing the carbon in the air, but someone else, thanks to you, is reducing it by an equal amount. The net effect: no additional carbon in the atmosphere. Of course, this is all strictly voluntary. If you want to destroy the earth for future gene
17、rations and face your kids, whove learned all about global warming in second grade, thats your privilege.Similar deals are available for other eco-embarrassments. Some commentators have uncharitably compared carbon credits to the indulgences sold by the medieval Catholic Church. But indulgences are
18、apparently misunderstood. The Catholic Encyclopedia, in an eye-rolling, “Here we go again“ tone, scolds that an indulgence “is not a permission to commit sin, nor a pardon of future sin. “ No doubt environmentalists would insist the same about carbon credits: they are not a gift certificate or get-o
19、ut-of-jail-free card for would-be polluters. But they sure do play one on TV.Such is the magic of capitalism. The magic works best in a world of dramatic inequalities. Fortunately, that is just the world we are living in. The greater the gap between rich and poor, both domestically and globally, the
20、 more a rich person will pay and the less a poor person will require.The usual objections can be made to all of this: Why should rich people be able to buy their way out of environmental guilt when poor people cant? The usual answer is that the deal doesnt create the inequality and forbidding the de
21、al doesnt reduce it. If you tell a rich person this is one thing he or she cannot buy, you are also telling a poor person that this is one thing he or she cannot sell. We can argue all day about where to draw the line and say to rich and poor: You cannot make this deal, even if it benefits both of y
22、ou. It is too inappropriate. Or heres a thought: We can create a market in winning the argument. The rich person can purchase the right not to be challenged, and the poor person, for a fee, can agree to shut up. Everybodys happy. 6 The word “expiation“(Line 2, Paragraph 1)probably means（A）compensati
23、on.（B） exploration.（C） protection.（D）contamination.7 The attitude of the author toward the new service is（A）positive.（B） critical.（C） neutral.（D）unclear.8 “But they sure do play one on TV“(Line 7, Paragraph 2)implies（A）similar deals are on TV programs sometimes.（B） carbon credits are welcomed by som
24、e commentators.（C） the Catholic Encyclopedia is right.（D）the author agrees with some environmentalists to some degree.9 Which statement is true according to the passage?（A）Carbon credits are contradictory with Capitalism.（B） Forbidding the service can decrease inequality.（C） The author believes the
25、gap between rich and poor facilitates carbon credits.（D）The last sentence in the last paragraph indicates the harmony between the rich and the poor.10 The best title for this passage would be（A）The Decline of Environment Contamination.（B） ExpiationA New Method of Protecting Environment.（C） The Revit
26、alization of Capitalism.（D）Inequality Produces Prosperity.10 New scientific studies reveal the hidden costs of multitasking as technology increasingly tempts people to do more than one thing at a time. Whether people toggle between browsing the Web and using other computer programs, talk on cell pho
27、nes while driving, pilot jumbo jets or monitor air traffic, theyre using their “executive control“ processesthe mental CEOfound to be associated with the brains key neural regions. These interrelated cognitive processes establish priorities among tasks and allocate the minds resources to them. “ For
28、 each aspect of human performanceperceiving, thinking and actingpeople have specific mental resources whose effective use requires supervision through executive mental control,“ says David Meyer, Ph. D. at the University of Michigan.To better understand executive control, as well as the human capaci
29、ty for multitasking and its limitations, Joshua Rubinstein, Ph. D. of U. S. Federal Aviation Administration, and David Meyer, and Jeffrey Evans, Ph. D. at the University of Michigan, studied patterns in the amounts of time lost when people switched repeatedly between two tasks of varying complexity
30、and familiarity. The findings revealed that for all types of tasks, subjects lost time when they had to switch from one task to another, and time costs increased with the complexity of the tasks, so it took a significantly long time to switch between more complex tasks. Time costs were a lot greater
31、 when subjects switched to tasks that were relatively unfamiliar. They got “up to speed“ faster when they switched to tasks they knew better, an observation that may lead to interfaces designed to help overcome peoples innate cognitive limitations.The researchers say their results suggest that execu
32、tive control involves two distinct, complementary stages: goal shifting(“I want to do this now instead of that“)and rule activation(“Im turning off the rules for that and turning on the rules for this“). Both stages help people unconsciously switch between tasks. Rule activation itself takes signifi
33、cant amounts of time, several tenths of a secondwhich can add up when people switch back and forth repeatedly between tasks. Thus, multitasking may seem more efficient on the surface, but may actually take more time in the end. According to the researchers, this insight into executive control may he
34、lp people choose strategies that maximize their efficiency when multitasking. The insight may also weigh against multitasking. For example, Meyer points out, a mere half second of time lost to task switching can mean the difference between life and death for a driver using a cell phone, because duri
35、ng the time that the car is not totally under control, it can travel far enough to crash into obstacles the driver have otherwise avoided.11 What is the passage mainly about?（A）The role of mental CEO executive control process.（B） The high efficiency and hidden costs of multitasking.（C） Executive con
36、trol of cognitive processes in task switching.（D）The benefits of studying executive mental control.12 The function of mental CEO is to（A）associate the activities with the neural regions.（B） help people deal with many tasks at the same time.（C） establish priorities among complicated tasks.（D）supervis
37、e the use of specific mental resources.13 Which kind of task switching among the following will produce the greatest time cost?（A）To switch to a more complex task.（B） To switch to a more unfamiliar task.（C） To switch to a easier task.（D）To switch to a more familiar task.14 Which one of the following
38、 statements is true for the rule activation stage of executive control?（A）It can help people consciously switch between tasks.（B） It doesnt take as much time as the stage of goal shifting.（C） People will use similar rules while performing different tasks.（D）It can help explain why time is lost durin
39、g task switching.15 The example about the driver in the third paragraph is used to illustrate that（A）car drivers should not drive so fast while using a cell phone.（B） car drivers should shift his goals consciously to avoid the accidents.（C） multitasking is not as efficient as people have expected an
40、d may take more time.（D）multitasking should be avoided in some cases for the sake of safety.15 A new malady is running rampantly in corporate America: management phobia. Many people dont want to be manager, and many people who are managers are itching to jump off the management trackor have already.
41、 “I hated all the meetings,“ says a 10-year award-winning manager, “And I found the more you did for people who worked for you, the more they expected. I was a counselor, motivator, financial adviser and psychologist. “With technology changing in a wink, we can never slack off these days if were on
42、the technical side. Its a rare person who can manage to keep up on the technical side and handle a management job, too. In addition, with Scott Adams popular cartoon character as well as many television situation comedies routinely portraying managers as morons or enemies, they just dont get much re
43、spect anymore.Supervising others was always a tough task, but in the past that stress was offset by hopes for career mobility and financial rewards. Along with a sizable pay raise, people chosen as managers would begin a nearly automatic climb up the career ladder to lucrative executive perks: stock
44、 options, company cars, club memberships, plus the key to executive washroom. But in todays global, more competitive arena, a manager sits on an insecure perch. Restructuring has eliminated layer after layer of management as companies came to view their organizations as collections of competencies r
45、ather than hierarchies. There are far fewer rungs on the corporate ladder for managers to climb. In addition, managerial jobs demand more hours and headaches than ever before but offer slim financial paybacks and perks.In an age of entrepreneurship, when the most praised people in business are those
46、 launching something new, management seems like an invisible, thankless role. Employers are looking for people who can do things, not for people who make other people do things. Management layoffs have done much to erode interest in managerial jobs.With more people wary of joining management, are co
47、rporations being hurt or worrying about developing future leaders? Not many are. While employers have dismissed a lot of managers, they believe a surplus lingers on at many companies. Another reason companies arent short of managers, contends Robert Kelley, a Carnegie Mellon University business prof
48、essor, “is that so many workers today are self-managed, either individually or via teams, you dont need a manager. “16 The 10-year award-winning manager suggests that（A）managerial jobs demand more hours and offer more headaches.（B） managers should not do too much beyond the scope of his job.（C） bein
49、g a manager requires many other skills besides management.（D）a person can get a lot of development in a management role.17 The word “perk“(Line 3, Paragraph 3)probably means（A）privileges.（B） status.（C） mobility.（D）rungs.18 Which one of the following statements applies to todays managers?（A）Their stress can be reduced by the financial and emotional rewards.（B） They are beginning to neglect their development on the technical side.（C） They feel more insecure in their positions because of the reduction in company hierarchies.（D）They are not res
