1、2015 年医学博士外语真题试卷及答案与解析一、Section A（A）How to deal with his sleeping problem.（B） The cause of his sleeping problem.（C） What follows his insomnia.（D）The severity of his medical problem. （A）To take the medicine for a longer time.（B） To discontinue the medication.（C） To come to see her again.（D）To switch
2、to other medications. （A）To take it easy and continue to work.（B） To take a sick leave.（C） To keep away from work.（D）To have a follow-up. （A）Fullness in the stomach.（B） Occasional stomachache.（C） Stomach distention.（D）Frequent belches. （A）Extremely severe.（B） Not very severe.（C） More severe than exp
3、ected.（D）Its hard to say. （A）He has lost some weight.（B） He has gained a lot.（C） He needs to exercise more.（D）He is still overweight. （A）She is giving the man an injection.（B） She is listening to the mans heart.（C） She is feeling the mans pulse.（D）She is helping the man stop shivering. （A）In the gym
4、.（B） In the office.（C） In the clinic.（D）In the boat. （A）Diarrhea.（B） Vomiting.（C） Nausea.（D）A cold. （A）She has developed allergies.（B） She doesnt know what allergies are.（C） She doesnt have any allergies.（D）She has allergies treated already. （A）Listen to music.（B） Read magazines.（C） Go play tennis.（
5、D）Stay in the house. （A）She isnt feeling well.（B） She is under pressure.（C） She doesnt like the weather.（D）She is feeling relieved. （A）Michaels wife was ill.（B） Michaels daughter was ill.（C） Michaels daughter gave birth to twins.（D）Michael was hospitalized for a check-up. （A）She is absent-minded.（B）
6、 She is in high spirits.（C） She is indifferent.（D）She is compassionate. （A）Ten years ago.（B） Five years ago.（C） Fifteen years ago.（D）Several weeks ago. 二、Section B（A）A blood test.（B） A gastroscopy.（C） A chest X-ray exam.（D）A barium X-ray test. （A）To lose some weight.（B） To take a few more tests.（C）
7、To sleep on three pillows.（D）To eat smaller, lighter meals. （A）Potato chips.（B） Chicken.（C） Cereal.（D）Fish. （A）Ulcer.（B） Cancer.（C） Depression.（D）Hernia. （A）He will try the diet the doctor recommended.（B） He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.（C） He will take the medicine the doctor prescri
8、bed.（D）He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer. （A）A new concept of diabetes.（B） The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.（C） The new management of diabetics in the hospital.（D）The new development of non-perishable insulin pills. （A）Because it vaporizes easily.（B） Because it becomes ove
9、ractive easily.（C） Because it is usually in injection form.（D）Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit. （A）The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.（B） The findings provide insight into how insulin works.（C） Insulin can be more stable than it is now.（D）Insul
10、in can be produced naturally. （A）It is stable at room temperature for several years.（B） It is administered directly into the bloodstream.（C） It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.（D）It is more chemically complex. （A）Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.（B） How important it is to under
11、stand the chemical bonds of insulin.（C） Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes dont produce enough insulin.（D）What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood. （A）Vegetative patients are more aware.（B） Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movements.（C）
12、EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.（D）We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave. （A）The left-hand side of the brain.（B） The right-hand side of the brain.（C） The central part of the brain.（D）The front part of the brain. （A）31.（B） 6.（C） 4.（D）1（A）The pa
13、tient was brain-dead.（B） The patient wasnt brain-dead.（C） The patient had some control over his eye movements.（D）The patient knew the movement he or she was making. （A）The patient is no technically vegetative.（B） The patient can communicate in some way.（C） We can train the patient to speak.（D）The fa
14、mily members and doctors can provide better care. 三、Section A31 Despite his doctors note of caution, he never_from drinking and smoking.（A）retained（B） dissuaded（C） alleviated（D）abstained32 People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is like
15、ly to_their hearing.（A）rehabilitate（B） jeopardize（C） tranquilize（D）supplement33 Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to_Larry in any way in his success.（A）refute（B） ratify（C） facilitate（D）impede34 When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have r
16、evised their plan_.（A）accordingly（B） alternatively（C） considerably（D）relatively35 It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_future adults with appreciation of music.（A）acquaint（B） familiarize（C） endow（D）amuse36 If the gain of profit is sol
17、ely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_.（A）level out（B） stand out（C） come off（D）wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_from qualified medical personnel.（A）prescription（B） palpation（C） intervention（D）interposition38 Asbestos
18、 exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.（A）offset（B） intake（C） outlet（D）onset39 Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, _and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.（A
19、）saline（B） saliva（C） scabies（D）scrabs40 The newly designed system is_to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.（A）comparable（B） transmissible（C） translatable（D）amenable四、Section B41 Every year more than 1, 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting
20、lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.（A）propelling（B） prolonging（C） puzzling（D）promising42 Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.（A）disgrace（B） discrimination（C） harassment（D）segregation43 Surv
21、iviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.（A）depletion（B） dehydration（C） exhaustion（D）handicap44 Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply
22、to other areas such as medicine.（A）negative（B） confusing（C） eloquent（D）indistinct45 Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.（A）anticipate（B） clarify（C） examine（D）verify46 His imperative tone of
23、 voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.（A）challenging（B） solemn（C） hostile（D）demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.（A）erased（B） triggered（C） shadowed（D）suspended48 Faster
24、increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.（A）nurture（B） eliminate（C） assimilate（D）puncture49 Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and
25、in unprecedented detail.（A）unpredictable（B） unconventional（C） unparalleled（D）unexpected50 A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.（A）estimating（B） handling（C） rectifying（D）anticipating五、Part Cloze50 A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the di
26、sease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,【C1】_a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,【C2】_tumors were discovere
27、d in her daughters cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the babys cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,【C3】_would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conc
28、eption. That suggests the cancer cells made it into the unborn childs body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first【C4】_case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case microchimerism,【C5】_cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child,
29、 is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half【C6 】_. As the BBC pointed out, the greater【C7】_in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through t
30、he placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the【C8】_of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. A
31、s a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 【C9 】_, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger“. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined【C10】_of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutat
32、ion to evade the babys immune system is extremely low. 51 【C1 】（A）suggests（B） suggesting（C） having suggested（D）suggested52 【C2 】（A）since（B） although（C） whereas（D）when53 【C3 】（A）what（B） whom（C） who（D）as54 【C4 】（A）predicted（B） notorious（C） proven（D）detailed55 【C5 】（A）where（B） when（C） if（D）whatever56 【
33、C6 】（A）as many（B） as much（C） as well（D）as often57 【C7 】（A）threat（B） puzzle（C） obstacle（D）dilemma58 【C8 】（A）detection（B） deletion（C） amplification（D）addition59 【C9 】（A）Therefore（B） Furthermore（C） Nevertheless（D）Conclusively60 【C10 】（A）likelihood（B） function（C） influence（D）flexibility六、Part Reading Co
34、mprehension60 The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP st
35、ory are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to
36、 drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. Pfizer announced that one such drug its pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But m
37、ore than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests, and nine out often is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are ma
38、king some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 perce
39、nt of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never wouldve been tried if two competing companies hadnt sat down and put their heads together. Are
40、there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information? Whos to say, but it seems like with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the odds are pretty good. And if researchers can start p
41、ushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncologys favorite four-letter word: cure. 61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（A）Competition and Cooperation（B） Two Competing Pharmaceutical Companies（C） The Promising Future
42、 of Pharmaceuticals（D）Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62 In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now_.（A）are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach（B） are moving towards individualized and targeted treatments（C） are investing the li
43、ons shares of their money（D）care only about their profits63 From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that_.（A）the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaboration（B） it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishment（C） other pharmaceuticals will
44、join them in the research（D）the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64 From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question_.（A）is nowhere to be found（B） can drive one crazy（C） can be multiple（D）is conditional65 The tone of the author of this passage seem
45、s to be_.（A）neutral（B） critical（C） negative（D）optimistic65 Liver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U. S. , chiefly because once its determined that a patient needs a new liver its very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, theres no guarantee a tr
46、ansplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats. The livers arent grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver.
47、The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically. With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the
48、researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days. The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized live
49、rs back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats vascular systems. However, the current method isnt perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers cant keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant). But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the
