1、2017 年医学博士外语真题试卷二（精选）及答案与解析一、Section A1 Tennessees population is nearly two-fifths rural, and no single city or group of cities_the state.（A）dominates（B） manages（C） manipulates（D）controls2 How is it possible that such_deception has come to take place right under our noses?（A）obvious（B） significant（C
2、） necessary（D）widespread3 Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from_on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.（A）configuration（B） constitution（C） condemnation（D）contamination4 Nothing is so uncertain as the fashion market where one style_over another before being
3、replaced.（A）dominates（B） manipulates（C） overwhelms（D）prevails5 Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly_to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.（A）equivalent（B） temporary（C） permanent（D）relevant6 Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his ba
4、lance and left him barely able to speak_.（A）bluntly（B） intelligibly（C） reluctantly（D）ironically7 In a technology-intensive enterprise, computers_all processes of the production and management.（A）dominate（B） overwhelm（C） substitute（D）imitate8 Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and p
5、ains first seek medical help to_ the problem.（A）affiliate（B） alleviate（C） aggravate（D）accelerate9 We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving_to our anger.（A）vent（B） impulse（C） temper（D）offence10 Although most dreams apparently happen_, dream activity may be provoked by
6、external influences.（A）spontaneously（B） simultaneously（C） homogeneously（D）instantaneously二、Section B11 Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground, and it is that current that lights the channel as the lightning we see.（A）opens（B） completes（C） illuminates（D）elec
7、trifies12 He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.（A）successor（B） replacement（C） surrogate（D）choice13 It had over 2, 000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,
8、and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.（A）ancient（B） carefully（C） very large（D）carefully protected14 When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.（A）extremely（B） exclusively（C） exactly（D）explicitly1
9、5 Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.（A）ameliorated（B） aggregated（C） deteriorated（D）duplicated16 The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.（A）preoccupi
10、ed（B） unwary（C） watchful（D）dozing17 It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to 80% of domestic retail raw chicken in the United States.（A）inflamed（B） inflicted（C） infected（D）infiltrated18 Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported that right-to-carry
11、-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.（A）curb（B） induce（C） lessen（D）impel19 Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes, numerous studies have shown clear difference between Chinese and western parenting.（A）specifications（B） sensations（C） conventions（D）conservations20 The doctor vacillated so fr
12、equently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.（A）wavered（B） instigated（C） experimented（D）relied三、Part Cloze20 It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 versions sudden demise af
13、ter wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】_could provide clues to 【C2】_the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1
14、, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】_H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】_humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious【C5】_oc
15、curred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only【C6 】_cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】_. compare that to the worldwide mortal
16、ity rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according to a 2006 estimate. H5N1s saving grace and the only reason were not running around masked up in public right nowis that the strain doesnt jump from bi
17、rds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】_its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】_the viruss molecular components t
18、o understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】_to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.21 【C1 】（A）interact（B） interface（C） connection（D）contamination22 【C2 】（A）stopping（B） stopped（C） have stopped（D）stop23 【C3 】（A）contacted（B） contracted（C） concentrated（D）infe
19、cted24 【C4 】（A）on（B） in（C） of（D）with25 【C5 】（A）breakout（B） take place（C） happen（D）outbreak26 【C6 】（A）accounts（B） numbers（C） counts（D）takes27 【C7 】（A）Moreover（B） Still（C） Furthermore（D）Thereafter28 【C8 】（A）given（B） giving（C） to give（D）speaking of29 【C9 】（A）parsing（B） parsed（C） to parse（D）having parse
20、d30 【C10 】（A）presently（B） potentially（C） potently（D）importantly四、Part Reading Comprehension30 Planes may account for only 2 per cent of the worlds carbon emissions, but it is a figure destined to rise. The aviation industry is expanding at a dramatic rate, around 5 percent a year. Twice as many pass
21、engers are likely to be passing through British airports in 2020 compared with today, and three times by 2030. As the developed world acknowledges climate change warnings, the carbon emissions from other industries will fall. The aviation industrys output will therefore account for an even larger pe
22、rcentage of emissions. One calculation, by the Climate Change Research (CCR), suggests the U. K. aviation industry could end up accounting for every gram of our carbon quota by 2040. Such calculations suppose aircraft designers cannot clean up their act, a suggestion firmly rejected by experts who p
23、oint to a massive research program aimed at cutting fuel use by planes by around 50 percent by 2020, a move that would also halve their carbon emissions. To reach that aim, a key factor will be lightweight composites, materials made of several components, including carbon fibres. These are as strong
24、 and flexible as metal but as light as plasti C. Planes such as the Airbus A340 are already made of material that is 10 percent carbon composite. This cuts weight, decreases fuel use and reduces carbon emission. The next generation of aircrafts, will make even more use of composites: a tremendous sa
25、ving in weight, fuel and carbon. Then there is the simple matter of air traffic control. At present, individual countries have their own routes for aircraft crossing their airspaces. “Essentially aircraft travel on dog-legs across Europe, and that is very inefficient in terms of fuel use, “ said Dr.
26、 John Green, of the Royal Aeronautical Society. “We need to rationalize air traffic control so that planes fly in straight, energy-efficient lines, an idea that is now being discussed in the EU. “Finally, there is aviation fuel. Making it ecologically friendly poses the greatest challenges of all. B
27、iofuels can be used as petrol and diesel substitutes for cars and lorries, but not in planes. “Biofuel is essentially alcohol, and that burns at the wrong temperature for aircraft engines, “ says Green. “We can use coal to make kerosene, which we could burn in aircraft engines, but that does not hel
28、p the issue of global warming, of course. “ But this does not stop scientists from dreaming. One idea, put forward by the U. S. geneticist Craig Venter last week, would be to create micro-organisms, fitted with artificial chromosomes, which could convert sunlight into fuels that could be burnt in ai
29、rcraft. These would not involve burning fossil carbon and would be the perfect green fuel. It is still a far-off prospect but realistic, say biologists.31 The fact that passengers passing British airports will double or even triple indicates that_.（A）the British aviation industry is growing very rap
30、idly（B） more and more British people tend to choose flying when traveling（C） the aviation industry develops much faster than other industries in developed countries（D）the aviation industry will cause more pollutants when compared with other industries32 The experts in aviation industry disapproved t
31、he claim by the CCR because_.（A）the calculation of aviation industrys carbon emission is based on prediction instead of facts（B） the figure calculated is much more than the experts in aviation industry expected（C） airlines are also making great efforts to reduce their oil consumption and carbon emis
32、sions（D）the experts didnt agree with the way of their calculation of the carbon emissions by planes33 People are using more composites in making aircrafts mainly because_.（A）composites themselves are very light, strong and as flexible as metal（B） composites can reduce the plane weight leading to les
33、s fuel consumption and carbon emissions（C） composites can cause less carbon emissions in the process of lying（D）composites are less expensive than metal34 In order to reduce carbon emissions, airlines can_.（A）change air traffic routes to make it straight and shorter for a flight（B） use lighter mater
34、ials like composites in building a plane（C） reduce the number of engines on a plane to cut weight（D）produce environment-friendly fuels35 According to the text, what can we learn about aviation fuels?（A）Biofuels can be used as replacement for vehicles as well as planes.（B） Neither biofuels nor coals
35、can be used for planes.（C） The idea of green fuel is to change solar energy into fuels.（D）The idea of green-fuel, which is only an illusion, is challenged and doubted by scientists. 35 This issue of Science contains announcements for more than 100 different Gorgon Research Conferences, on topics tha
36、t range from atomic physics to developmental biology. The brainchild (某人的主意) of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University, these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate, informal discussions of frontier science. Often confined to fewer than 125 attendees, they have traditionally been held
37、in remote places with minimal distractions. Beginning in the early 1960s, I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire, sharing austere (简朴的) dorm facilities in a private boys school with randomly assigned roommates. As a beginning scientist, I found the question peri
38、od after each talk especially fascinating, providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously. Back then, there were no cellphones and no Internet, and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week. During
39、the long, session-free afternoons, graduate students mingled freely with professors. Many lifelong friendships were begun, and as Gordon intended new scientific collaborations began. Leap forward to today, and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to mil
40、lions of other scientists via the Internet. Why, nevertheless, do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators, which is hard to develop from a distan
41、ce. But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches. The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world
42、works. A successful scientist needs to deeply believe, whatever the problem being tackled, that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken. The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work, which is essential for ma
43、king breakthroughs. Thus, as much as possible, scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.36 Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who_.（A）are physicists and biologists（B） just
44、start doing their sciences（C） stay in the forefront of science（D）are accomplished senior scientists37 Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference, the author thinks highly of_.（A）the personalities of senior scientists（B） the question period after each talk（C） the austere facilities around
45、（D）the week-long duration38 It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_.（A）does not change with times（B） can be explored online exclusively（C） lies in exchanging the advances in life science（D）is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas39 The aut
46、hor believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendees better_.（A）understand what making a breakthrough means to them（B） expose themselves to novel ideas and new approaches（C） foster the passion for doing science（D）tackle the same problem in science40 What would the author
47、most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?（A）How to explore scientific collaborations.（B） How to make scientific breakthroughs.（C） How to design scientific meetings.（D）How to think like a genius. 40 Back in 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were
48、 adding carbon dioxide to the air, and that this would warm the Earth. But he mentioned the issue only in passing (顺便地) , for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years. Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2, so there was nothing much to worr
49、y about. That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species propensity (倾向) to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet. Even the Earths vast oceans cannot suck up CO2 as quickly as we can produce it, and we now know the stored CO2 is acidifying the oceans, a problem in itself. Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect
