江苏专用2019高考英语二轮培优复习专题一单项填空板块一词义辨析类习题20190120124.doc

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1、1板块一 词义辨析类名 词 辨 析1.The _ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018天津高考)A.advice B.orderC.possibility D.invitation答案 C 句意:宇宙中的其他行星上可能存在生命,这个可能性一直激励着科学家去探索外层空间。根据句意可知,这里用 possibility表示“可能性” 。advice“劝告” ,order“命令” ,invitation“邀请”

2、都不符合句意。2.It is important to pay your electricity bill on time,as late payments may affect your _.(2016浙江高考)A.condition B.income C.credit D.status答案 C 句意:按时缴纳电费很重要,因为拖欠可能会影响你的信用(credit)。故选 C项。3.Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave.Id like to,but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _.(江苏高考)A.requests B.e

3、xcusesC.apologies D.regrets答案 C 句意:“去向你妈妈道歉,戴夫。 ”“我想去,但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。 ”apology “道歉,致歉” ,符合语境。故选 C项。4.Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform.(江苏高考)A.judgments B.adjustmentsC.comments D.achievements答案 B 句意:一些学校将不得不做出调整,以便和国家足球改革保持一致。既然要和2国家足球改革保持一致(in agreement wi

4、th the national soccer reform),那么就应该做出调整(make adjustments),故选 B项。【名师点睛】名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外,还常结合其他项目一起考查,题型以单项填空、完形填空、阅读理解等形式出现,考查要点主要包括:1.考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外,高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。2.考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。3.考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化

5、”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如:shelter n.庇护,避难所 vt.保护,躲避,避难; storm n.暴风雨,大动荡 vi. sniff嗅,闻(本意)鄙视地说,嗤之以鼻(引申); stir移动,搅拌(本意)煽动( 引申); break down发生故障,失灵,失效(本意)坍塌,崩溃,瓦解,中断,中止(引申),同时还有“恸哭”之意; look 6into向里面看(本意)调查,研究(引申),同时还有“浏览”之意; work out的基本意思为“解决,算出,制订出” ,较生意思为“锻炼” 。3.考查系动词、半系动词用法。动词作系动词用时,后面常接形容词、

6、名词、分词和不定式等,此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有:appear,become,feel,look,sound,seem,taste,prove,remain,stay,smell,grow,turn,go,come,fall,stand,lie,exist 等。此外,一些无被动语态形式的“个性”动词(短语)也是学习的重点,如 belong to(属于),witness(见证,目击)等。知识链接 高考常考的动词短语辨析1.break 相关短语break away from. 脱离,奋力挣脱break down 出故障,累垮,分解break in 打断,插话,强行进入break in

7、to. 闯入,破门而入break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生,爆发break through 突围,冲破,突破break up 分解,分裂,拆散,碎开If you go on working like that,you will break down sooner or later.如果你继续像那样工作,迟早你会累垮的。2.bring 相关短语bring about 引起,导致,使发生bring in 引进(技术),赚钱,带来(收入)bring up 抚养,培养,哺育bring down/up (the price)使降低,减少,降价/提价比较:(prices) go down/up (

8、价格)下降/上涨bring out 拿出,出版,生产,揭露,阐明,使表现出The government has taken measures to bring down the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.政府已经采取措施降低日用品价格以保持市场稳定。3.call 相关短语call at (some place) 访问(某地),拜访(某地)7比较:call on(sb) 拜访(某人),访问(某人)call back 回电话call in 请来,召集call off 取消call on/upon 号召call up 给

9、打电话,使人想起call for 提倡,号召,要求,需要,去接某人The scene of the children playing happily in the park called up memories of her childhood.孩子们在公园高兴玩耍的场景勾起了她对童年的回忆。e 相关短语come about发生,产生come across 偶然相遇come on 过来,跟我来,加油,来吧,赶快come out 露出,出来,出现,出版,发(芽),(花)开come up 被提出,上来,走近,上升,长出来come up with. 提出,想出(主意),找出(答案),赶上come i

10、nto being 形成come into use 投入使用If you come across faults but you still want the bicycle,ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.如果你发现你想要买的这辆自行车有瑕疵,但是你仍想买这辆,就让服务员降价。5.get 相关短语get away from逃脱,逃离get away with 做了坏事而未受惩罚get down to (doing) sth 开始(做)某事get in 进入,收割,达到get over 克服,恢复get across 理解,(使)渡过get

11、through 接通(电话),完成(工作),通过(考试)8After that,he knew he could get through any emergency by doing what he could to the best of his ability.在此之后,他知道只要尽全力就能成功应对一切紧急事件。6.give 相关短语give away赠送,给予,背弃,泄露,分发give in 投降,让步,屈服give back 归还,送回give off 释放,放出(烟、光、热等)give out 用完,耗尽,分发,发放give up 放弃,辞去He said he wasnt disa

12、ppointed at the result of the final exam,but the look on his face gave himself away.他说他对期末考试的结果不失望,但是他脸上的表情出卖了他。7.go 相关短语go against违反,违背go over 复习,重温,仔细检查,审阅go by 走过,经过,(时间)消逝,过去go out 熄灭,出去,外出go without 没有也行,没有也能勉强应付go through 通过,经受,浏览,仔细检查I always start the day by going through my email.我每天第一件事就是要

13、看电子邮件。8.hold 相关短语hold back隐瞒;控制(情感)hold out 维持;抵抗;硬撑hold up 使耽搁hold on 坚持;别挂(电话)hold together 团结一致hold on to 保留,抓住不放Id hold on to that house for the time being; house prices are rising sharply 9at the moment.我目前要守住这套房子,这段时间房价涨得很快。9.look 相关短语look back on.回顾,回忆look on 旁观,观望look into. 往里面看,浏览,调查look ou

14、t (for) 留神,当心,注意,警惕,提防look through 看透,仔细查看,浏览,翻阅,温习look up 仰视,往上看,(在字典或参考书中)查阅,查询The authorities will look into the case further before they can come to a conclusion about it.官方要对此案做进一步调查才能得出结论。10.make 相关短语make the best of充分利用make up for 补偿,弥补make out 辨认出make fun of 取笑make up ones mind 下定决心make sens

15、e 有道理(意义),讲得通make good/full use of 充分利用make up 编造;组成;构成;补齐,凑足The boy is working harder than ever,hoping to make up the time he has wasted playing online games.为了把浪费在网络游戏上的时间弥补回来,男孩比之前学习更努力。11.put 相关短语put away将某物收拾起来,存钱,储存put down 扑灭,镇压,记下put forward 提出,建议put off 延期,拖延put on (戏)上演,穿上,戴上10put out 扑灭,熄

16、灭,出版,生产put up 挂起,张贴,搭起,建立,住宿put up with 忍受,容忍Why do we have to put up with Susans selfish behavior? We have to teach her to care for others.为什么我们要忍受苏珊的自私行为?我们得教她关心别人。He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of putting up at a hotel for the night。他决定当晚直接开车回家,而不住旅馆。12.set 相关短语set about

17、doing sthset out to do sth 着手/开始做某事set aside 留出,搁/放在一边set off 出发,启程,引起爆炸,激起,引起set out (for.) 动身去()set up 创立,设立,开办,竖起,支起The couple set aside some money every month for their future use even though their income can only make ends meet.这对夫妻每个月都存一些钱以备将来使用,尽管他们的收入只能使他们勉强维持生计。13.take 相关短语take in吸收,接纳,欺骗ta

18、ke on 呈现,雇用take over 继承,接管,接替take up 从事,开始,专注于,占去(时间、空间、地位等)take off (飞机)起飞,脱掉(衣帽/鞋),成名,成功,事业转机,生意起色Some insects take on the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.有些昆虫为了自我保护会随着周围环境改变自身颜色。14.turn 相关短语turn down拒绝;调低turn in 上交turn out 结果是,证明是11turn over 移交,交给turn up 出现;调高turn off 关掉turn on

19、 打开turn away 走开turn to 求助于;翻到You look upset.Whats the matter?I had my proposal turned down again.你看上去很伤心,怎么了?我的建议再次被拒绝了。介 词 和 介 词 短 语 辨 析1.Bob thought he couldnt go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went _.(2018天津高考)A.at first B.after allC.above all D.at random答案 B 句意:鲍勃觉得自己不能参加这

20、个派对,因为他要写一份报告,但是最终他还是去了。根据句意,这里用 after all表示“终究” 。at first“起初” ;above all“最重要的是” ;at random“随便地” 。2.Good morning, Mr.Lees office.Good morning.Id like to make an appointment _ next Wednesday afternoon.(2018北京高考)A.for B.on C.in D.at答案 A 早上好,李先生的办公室。早上好。我想预约下星期三下午。根据语境可知,此处用介词 for表示“安排或预约于(某时间)” 。3.Man

21、y people who live along the coast make a living _ the fishing industry.(2017北京高考)A.at B.in 12C.on D.by答案 B 句意:沿海地区的许多人靠渔业为生。根据句意可知,空格处用 in表示“在方面” 。4.When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California,you will be_trees that are over 1,000 years old.(2017天津高考)A.among B.against C.behind D.below答案

22、 A 句意:当你开车穿行于加利福尼亚州的红杉林时,你就会置身在那些树龄超过1 000年的树木之间。这里用介词 among表示“在当中” ,与前面的“through the Redwood Forests”呼应。5.We offer an excellent education to our students._,we expect students to work hard.(2017天津高考)A.On average B.At bestC.In return D.After all答案 C 句意:我们给我们的学生提供优质的教育,作为回报,我们期待学生能努力学习。根据句意,这里用介词短语 in

23、 return表示“作为回报 ”。on average “平均” ;at best “充其量,至多” ;after all “终究,毕竟” 。【名师点睛】介词和介词短语也是高考的一个必考点,每年都保持在一至两个题目,命题形式除了单项填空外还在完形填空中进行考查,其考点主要涉及常用介词的用法区别,介词与动词、名词、形容词等的常见搭配,介词在特定语境中的选用和介词短语的用法等。掌握介词必须要立足基本用法,广泛记忆,细心体会比较。其考点主要包括:1.考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出,介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词,如at,in,for,from,to,of,on,w

24、ith,until,about,by,since,as,around 等。2.考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中,辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。3.考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词,不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。131.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some_and then let me know.(安徽高考)A.thought B.supportC.protection D.authority答案 A 句意

25、:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下,然后让我知道。 thought思想,思考;support 支持,维持,支援,供养;protection 保护,防卫;authority 权威,权力,当局。2.Studies have shown that the right and left ear _ sound differently.(浙江高考)A.produce B.pronounceC.process D.download答案 C 句意:研究表明左右耳处理声音的方式不同。process 加工,处理,符合语境。produce生产,制作,创作;pronounce 发音;download 下载。3.

26、She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful _ in last years election.(江苏高考)A.symbol B.portraitC.identity D.statue答案 A 句意:虽然她在两年前就已遭软禁,但她在去年的选举中仍然是有影响力的代表人物。symbol “代表,代表性的人(物)” ,符合句意。portrait “肖像” ;identity “身份;个性” ;statue “塑像” 。4.The police officers decided to conduct a tho

27、rough and _ review of the case.(江苏高考)A.comprehensive B.complicatedC.conscious D.crucial答案 A 句意:警官决定对该案件进行一次细致、详尽的审查。comprehensive “详尽的,综合性的” ;complicated “复杂的,难懂的” ;conscious “慎重的,刻意的” ;crucial “关键的,至关重要的” 。根据 and判断,所填词和 thorough(彻底的,细致的)14意思相近,故选 A项。5.Schools should be lively places where individua

28、ls are encouraged to _ to their greatest potential.(江苏高考)A.accelerate B.improveC.perform D.develop答案 D 句意:学校应该是充满活力的地方,在这里人人都会被鼓励去开发他们最大的潜力。accelerate “加速” ;improve “改进” ;perform “表现” ;develop “开发,培养” 。6.The university started some new language programs to _ the countrys Silk Road Economic Belt.(江苏高

29、考)A.apply to B.cater forC.appeal to D.hunt for答案 B 句意:这所大学为了满足国家的“丝绸之路经济带”战略,开设了一些新的语言项目。apply to “向申请” ;cater for “迎合,满足” ;appeal to “吸引,呼吁”;hunt for “寻找” 。started some new language programs 的目的是“满足(cater for)”the countrys Silk Road Economic Belt,故选 B项。7.The whole team _ Cristiano Ronaldo,and he se

30、ldom lets them down.(江苏高考)A.wait on B.focus onC.count on D.call on答案 C 句意:整个球队都指望克里斯蒂亚诺罗纳尔多(C 罗),而他也很少让他们失望。wait on “等待” ;focus on “全神贯注于” ;count on “指望,依靠” ;call on “号召,拜访” 。根据 he seldom lets them down(他很少让他们失望)判断,整个球队都指望(count on)C 罗,故选 C项。8.Top graduates from universities are _ by major companies

31、.(江苏高考)A.chased B.registeredC.offered D.compensated答案 A 句意:大学毕业的尖子生是大公司争夺的对象。chase “努力获得,争取得到” ,符合句意。register “注册” ;offer “主动提出;提供” ;compensate “补偿” 。9.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas 15Edison.(江苏高考)A.thanks to B.regardless ofC.aside from D.but for答案 D 句意:要不是托马斯爱迪

32、生,我们现在从中受益的很多东西就不会存在。由would可以看出本句用了虚拟语气,在所给选项中只有 but for可以引出含蓄虚拟条件,故选 D项。thanks to “由于” ;regardless of “不管” ;aside from “除了之外” ;but for “要不是” 。10.Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay _.(江苏高考)A.in place B.in orderC.in shape D.in fashion答案 C in shape “健康;状况良好

33、” ,符合题意。in place “在正确的位置” ;in order “有序,有条理” ;in fashion “流行” 。11.Dad,I dont think Oliver the right sort of person for the job.I see.Ill go right away and _.(江苏高考)A.pay him back B.pay him offC.put him away D.put him off答案 B 根据句意可知,Oliver 不能胜任这份工作,因此父亲决定付清工钱打发他走,pay sb off表示“付清工资解雇某人 ”。pay sb back “报

34、复” ;put sb away “把某人送进监狱或精神病院” ;put sb off “使某人分心” 。12.Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to _ the soul of Qu Yuan.(江苏高考)A.remember B.remindC.recover D.recall答案 D 句意:传说端午节是为了召回屈原的灵魂。recall “召回” ,符合句意。1.America has become known for its _ of individualism,which has been a sou

35、rce of conflict with other cultures.(2018南京市、盐城市高三年级第二次模拟考试)16A.push B.ban C.offence D.control答案 A 句意:美国一直以崇尚个人主义而闻名,这也导致了与其他国家的冲突。push表示“推动、决心” ,故选 A。2.As more and more companies extend their global _,it is easy to understand why new opportunities birth in various locations.(2018南京市高三年级第三次模拟考试)A.co

36、ncern B.appealC.reach D.consensus答案 C concern 关心,appeal 吸引,reach 可及之范围,consensus 共识。句意:随着越来越多的公司开始扩展自己的国际贸易范围,所以很容易地理解新的机会在各地会就此产生。3.Through the use of blogs,shy students who rarely _ during class discussions are given a voice.(2018南京市高三年级第三次模拟考试)A.advance B.focusC.compromise D.contribute答案 D 句意:通过博

37、客的广泛使用,那些害羞的不敢在班级讨论上发言的学生也有了发表自己意见的地方。advance 促进,focus 关注,compromise 折衷,让步,均不符合句意,根据排除法,选 D。4.The idea of green packaging has received wide _ since the government announced specific goals to green the delivery industry.(2018苏北四市高三第一次调研)A.currency B.creativityC.cooperation D.criterion答案 A currency 流通

38、、流行,creativity 创造,cooperation 合作、配合,criterion(批评判断的)标准、准则。故选 A。5.Metteos new album Parama has turned out to be a hit.Oh,he is really _ of a lucky dog.(2018南京市、盐城市高三年级第二次模拟考试)A.nothing B.anything17C.everything D.something答案 D something of 表“有几分,略微” 。6.During the Singles Day in 2017,the sales of Chine

39、se ecommerce giants such as Alibaba outnumbered _ of Black Friday and Cyber Monday in the US.(2018苏北四市高三第一次调研测试)A.that B.those C.this D.it答案 B 根据句意“2017 年的光棍节,中国巨型电商比如阿里巴巴在销售数量上超过了美国的黑色星期五与其之后的周一购物节。 ”those 指代前句中的 the sales of,故选 B。7.Divided into six themes,Victorias Secret Fashion Show _ 55 models

40、in 87 looks.(2018南京市、盐城市高三年级第二次模拟考试)A.featured B.representedC.attracted D.impressed答案 A feature 作动词,表“以为特色” 。其他选项 represent “代表” ;attract “吸引” ;impress “给留下印象” 。8.I would have gone to bed when I was sick instead of _ the earth would go into a holding pattern if I werent there for the day.(2018南京市、盐城

41、市高三年级第二次模拟考试)A.confirming B.predictingC.pretending D.concluding答案 C 句意:当我生病的时候,我本可以上床睡觉的,而不是假装如果那天我不在,世界就停止不动了。confirm “证实,证明,确认” ;predict “预测,预报” ;conclude “完成,结束,总结” 。9.The coach of the football team _ to resign to take responsibility for the failure,but it was rejected.(2018南京市高三年级第三次模拟考试)A.offer

42、ed B.managedC.needed D.afforded答案 A offer 主动提供,manage 成功做成,need 需要,afford 付得起。句意:这支足球队的主教练主动提出辞职来承担这场失利的责任,但是这个请求被拒绝了。根据句意,选 A。1810.China has been working to _ the legal landscape for autonomous vehicles,which are on a highway to commercial availability.(2018苏北四市高三第一次调研测试)A.clarify B.accelerateC.tra

43、nsmit D.preserve答案 A clarify 澄清,说清楚,accelerate 加快,transmit 传送、传输、发射,preserve保存、保护。句意为“中国一直在努力规范自动驾驶汽车,这种汽车正处于商业化的高速发展阶段” 。故选 A。11.You must bring your insurance card with you when you _ with a dentist or doctor.(2018扬州泰州等六市高三第二次调研)A.register B.interfereC.compromise D.negotiate答案 A 句意:当你向牙医或者医生登记时,你必须

44、带上你的保险卡。register“登记,注册” ,符合语境。interfere“干预,干涉” ;compromise“妥协,让步” ;negotiate“协商,磋商” 。12.The policy was rejected _ a more cautious one.(2018南京市、盐城市高三年级第二次模拟考试)A.in case of B.in view ofC.in favor of D.in place of答案 C in case of “如果” ;in view of “由于,鉴于” ;in favor of “赞成,支持” ;in place of “代替” 。句意为“这个政策未

45、被采纳,取而代之的是一个更为谨慎的政策” 。13._ the fact that your payment misses the deadline,youll have to pay a fine according to the contract.(2018苏北四市高三第一次调研测试)A.In possession of B.In spite ofC.In case of D.In view of答案 D in possession of控制、拥有,in spite of 即使,in case of 以防,in view of鉴于。根据句意“鉴于你的支付逾期,根据合同你不得不交罚款。 ”故选

46、 D。14.Feng Xiaogangs latest film Youth,now a box office hit,_ scheduled for release on Sept 29, was held back for two months.(2018苏北四市高三第一次19调研测试)A.casually B.originallyC.temporarily D.eventually答案 B casually 随意地,originally 最初,本来,temporarily 暂时地,eventually终于,最后。本句句意为冯小刚最新的电影芳华 ,本来计划于 9.29上映,推迟了两个月。故选 B。15.The agency will make travel arrangements for you._,you can organize your own transport.(2018南京市高三年级第三次模拟考试)A.Similarly B.FurthermoreC.Instead D.Alternatively答案 D 句意:这个机构会帮你做好旅行安排。或者,你也可以自己安排出行方式。根据句意,该空格表达的是选择的意思,alternatively 可选择地,故选 D。

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