1、专题十 定语从句,-2-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,关系代词有who,whom,which,that和whose,另外,as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when,where和why,在定语从句中充当状语。 1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 (201610浙江)There might be people who will cycle just to get a free meal. 可能有些人会骑车,就是为了得到那份免费餐。 2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。 Do you know the b
2、oy(whom) we met at the gate? 你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗?,-3-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,3.which 指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。 The exact year(which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2008年。 4.that 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。 She is the pop s
3、tar(that) I want to see very much. 她就是那位我非常想见的明星。 Among the many dangers(which/that) sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog. 在海员们要面对的许多危险中,最严重的可能就是雾。,-4-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,5.whose可指人或物,修饰名词或代词,在定语从句中充当定语。“whose+名词”可改为“the+名词+of which/whom”或“of which/whom the+名词”。 The book
4、s on the desk,whose covers are shiny,are prizes for us. 桌子上的这些书是给我们的奖品,它们的封面很亮。 (2016全国)His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose activity would infect(感染) other students.他在场意味着在课堂上我有一位意想不到的助教,他的活动将感染其他学生。 The house whose windows are very large is my uncles.=The h
5、ouse of which the windows are very large is my uncles.那个窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。,-5-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,6.as可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 (1)引导限制性定语从句,先行词前常有as,the same,so,such修饰,且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时,关系代词要用as。 It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.(as作work out的宾语) 这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能
6、解出来。 注意:so/such.that结构中,that引导结果状语从句,只起连接作用,不充当从句的任何成分。 It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out.(work out 已经有宾语,that只起连接作用),-6-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,(2)as可以引导非限制性定语从句,代指整个主句的内容,从句中常用的谓语动词为see,say,hear,expect,know,report等,常译为“正如,正像”,其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。 (201
7、6全国)Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. 许多美洲印第安人都很重视沉默,认为它是人与人之间进行交流的一个基本组成部分,就像一些传统的中国人和泰国人认为的一样。,-7-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,7.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表示时间的名词time,day,week,year,mont
8、h等,常用on which,in which,at which,during which等代替。 As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent. 作为家中最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。 (201610浙江)The fact that such practices remain officially unaccepted reflects how far we havent come as a soc
9、iety from the days when we expected every full-time worker to be supported by a full-time homemaker. 此做法仍未被正式接受,这个事实反映了我们还没从期望每个全职工作者需得到全职家务料理者的支持的社会里走出来。,-8-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,8.where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。 The house where/in which he lives is near the river. 他住的房子在河
10、边。 注意:高考对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“模糊的地点”,或者说“抽象的地点”。这些名词有:stage,case,position,situation,point,occasion,activity 等。 I realized that I had created a life where I was not a central figure! 我意识到我创造了一种生活,在其中我并非主角。,-9-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,9.why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,可用for which来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。 Tel
11、l me the reason why/for which you came late. 告诉我你来晚了的原因。 注意:用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。,-10-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等不定代词修饰时。 (2017北京)There is
12、an emergency shelter in Winnipeg called “Hannahs Place”,something that Hannah is very proud of. 在Winnipeg这个地方有个叫Hannahs Place的应急庇护所,这是Hannah为之自豪的地方。 2.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last等修饰时。 This is the last place that I want to visit. 这是我最不想参观的地方。,-11-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,3.先行词是最高级或被最高
13、级修饰时。 This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。 4.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时。 This is the third dictionary that I have used. 这是我用过的第三本字典。 5.当先行词同时含有表示人和物的名词时。 We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。 6.以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句,为避免重复时。 Who is the man t
14、hat is standing under the tree? 站在树下的那个人是谁?,-12-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,注意:Qingdao is the most beautiful city where I have ever worked.(即使有最高级修饰先行词city,但从句中work为不及物动词,先行词只做其地点状语,故要用关系副词) 前面所述几种情况已有前提:需要用关系代词时,遇到这几种情况才选用that。,-13-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,1.在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的w
15、hom。 This is the train by which we went to Beijing. 这就是我们去北京乘的那列火车。 2.在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。 (2017浙江)When the war was near,Alia was worried that the fires of war would destroy the books,which are more precious to her than mountains of gold. 当战争临近时,Alia担心战火会把这些图书毁掉,这些图书对她来说比金山更
16、珍贵。,-14-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,3.指人时,当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone等时,关系代词要用who,不用that。 Is there anyone who can answer this question? 有谁能回答这个问题? 4.先行词本身是指示代词that或those时,关系代词应用which。 Whats that which she is looking at?她正在看什么?,-15-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,1.位置不同。which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句
17、子后;as引导的定语从句位置较灵活,也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。 It is a truly delightful place,which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 它确实是一个宜人的地方。与一百年前的样子一样,有着弯弯曲曲的小径和漂亮的村舍。 Mike,as you know,is an honest man./Mike is an honest man,as you know./As you
18、know,Mike is an honest man.如你所知,迈克是个诚实的人。,-16-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,2.先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。 As we all know,he is very proud.(先行词为一个句子) 众所周知,他很自大。 He was proud,which his brother never was.(先行词是一个词)他是自大的,而他弟弟从不自大。 3.意义不同。as一般译为“正如,就像”;which一般译为“这一
19、点,这件事”。 John,as you know,is my best friend. 正如你所知,约翰是我最好的朋友。 He has been to Paris more than ten times,which I dont believe.他已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。,-17-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,4.关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。 Tom was late for school,which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆上学迟到了,这使他老师很生气。 注意:as
20、多用于下列习惯用语中: as anybody can see正如大家能看到的那样 as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样 as often happens正如经常发生的那样 as has been said before如之前所述 as is mentioned above正如上面所提到的,-18-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The person to whom youll write is M
21、r Ball. The old man was talking with Mr Smith,in whose hospital I was operated on. 2.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词及名词、数词。 He has two sons,both of whom were killed in the war. I live in a house,the window of which faces the south.,-19-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,3.“介词+关
22、系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定,有时也需要结合句意。 In the street there wasnt any person to whom she could turn for help. The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person. 4.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句中,定语从句常和先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lives in a big house,in front of which stands
23、a tall apple tree. 注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不能分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。 This is the book(which/that) Im looking for. 不可以说:This is the book for which Im looking.,-20-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,5.from where 虽为“介词+关系副词”结构,但也可引导定语从句,where往往指代前面表示具体位置的介词短语。 He stood on top of the hill,from where he could see
24、the whole village.(where指代on top of the hill,指的是“从山顶那个地方看”,而不是指“山”),-21-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不做成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中
25、充当成分。 The news that our team won made us excited.(our team won是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:The news was that our team won.) The news that he told me was exciting.(he told me 缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:The news was that he told me.),-22-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看
26、标点和连接词。 Our class has sixty students,most of whom study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用连接代词whom,为定语从句) Our class has sixty students,and most of them study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句) Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连接词),-23-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点
27、一,考点七,3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是作整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。 Do you know the time when he will come back?(定语从句,前面有先行词time) I will go shopping when he comes back.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词) Put the book where it belongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用to which) Put the book in the place
28、where it belongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place),-24-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将it is/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。 It was Sunday when he came back.(定语从句) It was on Sunday that he came back.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语on Sunday,去掉It was和that后句式完整),-2
29、5-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点六,考点一,考点七,1.当先行词为way,意为“方法、方式”,且在定语从句中作主语、宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;作状语时,要用in which 或that或不填任何关系词。 The way(that/in which) he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.(做状语) The way that/which he explained to me was not difficult to understand.(做宾语) 2.当先行词为time时,若表示“一
30、段时间”,后面定语从句用when引导,也可用at/during which;若表示“次数”,后面定语从句用that引导,that可以省略。 There was a time when we had no TV sets. This is the second time(that) the president has visited our country.,-26-,.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空 1.(2018北京)She and her family bicycle to work,which helps them keep fit. 2.(2018天津)Kate, whose sist
31、er I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia. 3.(2017江苏)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 4.(2018江苏)Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 5.(
32、2017北京)The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.,-27-,6.(2016浙江)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of which has been proved. 7.(2016天津)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,when the weather
33、 may be better. 8.(2016江苏)Many young people,most of whom were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 9.(2018浙江) Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 10.(2018全国)Two of the authors of
34、 the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.,-28-,12.(2015重庆)He wrote many childrens books,nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.,11.(2015安徽)Some experts thi
35、nk reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.,-29-,.用定语从句及括号内的提示完成下列句子 1.This is the best film that I have seen(see)(我看过的) in the past few years. 2.The result must have been disappointing, as/which could be seen from (see)(从可以看出) the disappointed look on his face. 3.Youd b
36、etter ask your teachers and parents for advice, by which means(means)(通过这种方式) you will make a wiser decision. 4.Nowadays almost everyone prefers to use a smart mobile phone whose functions are more practical(function)(它的功能更加实用). 5.This is the reason why he is leaving now(leave)(他为什么现在离开).,-30-,6.Mar
37、y Brown moved to a place which/that lies near the sea(lie) (靠近大海),so she could go swimming every day. 7.He got himself into a difficult situation where he must make a final decision all by himself (make a decision)(在这种情形下他必须完全靠自己做出最终决定). 8.Its the same person as we wanted to find(find)(我们昨天要找的)yesterday. 9.Learning strategies, to which(the) teachers attach/have attached(attach) importance(老师们认为重要的),have not yet drawn enough attention of students. 10.Anyone who wants to show his personal talent(凡是想展示个人才华的人) can go in for the CCTV programme “Amazing Chinese”.,
