1、语 法,专题一 名词和冠词,-3-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,1.不可数名词 不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。下列名词通常用作不可数名词:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permission,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,glass(玻璃),English,Amer
2、ica等。 (2017北京,阅读理解)It combines fun with complex concepts. 它把乐趣和复杂的概念结合在一起。,-4-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,2.有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺。有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in low spir
3、its 情绪低落,give ones regards to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have good manners 有礼貌。,-5-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,(2017全国,A)Lockers are available to store any belongings during your visit. 旅游期间,用来储存财物的储物柜可以使用。 (201610浙江)Glaeser argues that cities are very productive because “the absence of space between people redu
4、ces the cost of transporting goods,people,and ideas.” Glaeser认为城市具有极强的生产力,因为“人与人之间的零距离降低了货物、人口和思想的传输成本”。,-6-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,3.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。 200 senior studen
5、ts from different high schools all over the city gathered together,reciting their works and exchanging thought. 全市来自于不同高中的200名高中生聚在一起,背诵他们的作品,并交换思想。,-7-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,1.抽象名词表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪、思维等时通常为不可数名词。若与定冠词连用则表特指内容,如the science of sound 声学。若泛指一般概念、意义,则不与任何冠词连用。 2.有些物质名词可以具体为有形或有数量的相应物体,做单数
6、、复数都可以。some coffee一些咖啡/a coffee 一杯咖啡,drink 饮料/two drinks 两杯饮料,ice 冰/two ices 两份冰激凌等。 You should never put drinks near a phone. 你应当永远都不要把饮料放到手机附近。,-8-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)件事物。 (2016全国)If you are a fruit groweror would like to become onetake advantage of Apple Day to
7、 see whats around. 如果你是一位水果种植者,或者想要成为此类人,请利用苹果节来了解相关情况吧。 The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development. “中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平和发展之梦。 2.用在单数可数名词前相当于every,表示“每一”。 Its said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year. 据说约翰将会有一份年薪超过60,000美
8、元的工作。,-9-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,3.在抽象名词前可使抽象名词具体化,表示“一场、一次、一件”。如:a success一件成功的事或一个成功的人,a surprise一件令人惊讶的事,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个/件令人引以为荣的人/事,a comfort 一件令人欣慰的事。 (2016全国)Today all three generations regard the move as a success,giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate ci
9、ties. 今天,三代人都认为这次搬迁是件成功的事,这使他们的关系比以往住在不同城市更亲密。,-10-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,4.不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。 (2016江苏)A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的) skills,at least when compared with chimps. 又一原因是孩子的社交智力开发早于他们的总的认知技能,至少与大猩猩比较起来是这样的。,-11-,
10、考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,5.用在人名或者时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或者某个时间,相当于a certain。如:a Smith一个叫史密斯的人。 I cant tell you the way to the Wilsonsbecause we dont have a Wilson here in the village. 我无法告诉你去威尔逊家的路,因为这个村子里没有一个叫威尔逊的人。 Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely to be a Beethoven. 布赖恩在音乐创作上很有天赋,他很有可能会成为一位像贝多
11、芬那样的音乐大师。,-12-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,6.不定冠词常用的固定搭配: all of a sudden突然;as a matter of fact事实上;once a week每周一次;at a loss不知所措,茫然;be on a visit参观,拜访;be/go on a diet节食;give sb.a lift让某人搭便车;have a gift for.在方面有天赋;have a good time玩得开心;have a word with.与谈话;in a hurry匆忙地;in a way从某种意义上说;make a living谋生;take a
12、walk散步;take an interest in.对感兴趣;take/have a rest休息一会儿,-13-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。 I have a car.The car is red. 我有辆车。这辆车是红色的。 Pass me the book,please. 请把那本书递给我。 2.用在名词前表特指或者表类别。 (2016全国)The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. 沉默在不同文化中的意义是不同的。,-14-,考点二,考点三,考点四
13、,考点五,考点一,3.用在世上独一无二的事物之前。如:the moon,the Pacific Ocean。 (201610浙江)The simple fact is that we,who have always regarded ourselves as supreme in the universe,may not be so. 简单的事实是,我们总是自以为自己是宇宙的主宰,或许实际上并非如此。 4.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人。如:the rich,the living,the wounded。 Life is like an ocean:Only the strong-willed
14、can reach the other shore. 人生就如同海洋,只有那些意志坚强的人才能到达彼岸。,-15-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,5.用于表示度量单位的名词前。如: I hired the car by the hour. 我按小时租了这辆车。 6.用于序数词、形容词和副词的比较级、最高级前。如: Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces,most importantly The Persistence of Memory. 在展出的作品和杰作
15、中,参观者会发现最佳作品,最重要的是记忆的永恒这幅作品。,-16-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,7.定冠词常用的固定搭配: at the moment此刻,目前 at the same time同时 by the way顺便说一下 on the spot当场 make the best/most of.充分利用 in the distance在远处 in the end最终 the other day前几天 on the one hand.,on the other (hand).一方面,另一方面 to the point中肯,切题,-17-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一
16、,1.不可数名词或者可数名词复数前,一般不加冠词。 (2016全国)But for tourists like me,pandas are its top attraction. 但是对于像我这样的游客,熊猫才是最吸引我的东西。 2.称呼语及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,其前一般不加冠词。 Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George. 萨姆已经被委任为工程部的经理来代替乔治。 3.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐等的名词前一般不加冠词。 S
17、pring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年最好的季节。,-18-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,4.零冠词常用的固定搭配: in fact事实上 for example例如 in danger在危险中 with pleasure高兴地 in time及时 in fear恐惧地 at work在上班 at dinner在吃饭 after school放学后 at first起初 at last最终 by hand手工做的 pay attention to注意 set fire to放火 take pride in以为豪 take care o
18、f照顾 take office就职 take part in参加 in town在城里 keep.in mind牢记 in trouble处于麻烦中 on foot步行,-19-,考点二,考点三,考点四,考点五,考点一,catch sight of看见 on time按时 lose weight减肥 do harm to对有害,-20-,.根据提示或语境完成句子 1.(201711浙江)Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary.Like many things in life,its an on-going
19、process. 2.(201711浙江)You wouldnt think that a few months(month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life,and thats also true for building your vocabularyyou have to keep at it daily,and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary. 3.(20176浙江)For Pahlsso
20、n,its return was a wonder. 4.(2017全国)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.,-21-,5.(2017全国)This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lif
21、ts. 6.(2017全国)This included digging up the road,laying the track and then building a strong roof over the top. 7.(2017全国)Instead,she is earning 6,500 a day as a model in New York. 8.(2016全国)Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. 9.(2018全国) Corn production has jumped nea
22、rly 125 percent over the past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent. 10.(2016全国)An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny.,-22-,11.(2016全国)Another group built something out of their own imaginations(imagine). 12.(2016全国)There are also varieties(vary) developed to suit
23、 specific local conditions. 13.(2016北京)In the 1980s,electrical lines(line) and lead poisoning nearly drove them to dying out.,14.(2018浙江)Making Chinese dishes (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.,-23-,.根据内容和所给提示完成下面短文 (2018山东德州高三期中) Blessed by the pleasant weather,the island province of Hainan
24、is fast becoming known as “Chinas Florida”,1.drawing(draw)masses of retirees escaping the biting cold of their hometowns. “At home in Harbin,it can be -30C;it is unbearable!But here the climate is 2.suitable(suit),” said a 71-year-old woman from the 3.extremely(extreme)cold province of Heilongjiang.
25、She 4.has moved/ has been moving(move)each winter to Sanya over the past eight years. “Here the 5.warmth(warm)is better for our health.We find so many people from our province 6.that we are sure we will not get bored” said Qi Ningxia,7. a 60-year-old man from Heilongjiang.,-24-,About 700,000 elderly
26、 people come to Sanya every winter,almost doubling 8.its(it)population.Nearly half of these “migratory birds”,9.as/which they are called,come from the northern provinces in China. The trend began in 2000 as people began buying Sanya apartments,opening business and persuading friends and family 10.to join(join)them,creating a snowball effect.,
