1、_ - = ARMY TM 5-809-3 W 35357G9 0406739 303 W ARMY TM 5-809-3 NAVY NAVFAC DM-2.9 AIR FORCE AFM 88-3, Chap. 3 MASONRY STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR BUILDINGS APPROVED FOR PUWC RELUSL; DISTRIBIITIN UIILIMITED DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, THE NAVY,-AND THE AIR FORCE OCTOBER 1992 . Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo r
2、eproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,- ARMY TM 5-809-3 3535787 040b720 925 REPRODUCTOhr A UTHORIZATION/RESTRICTIONS This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and, except to the ment indicated below, is public property and not subject to copyright. Copyrighted
3、material included in the manual has been used with the knowledge and permission of rhe proprietors and is acknowledged as such at point of use. Anyone wishing to make further use of any copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek necessary permission directly from the propr
4、ietors. Reprint or republications of this manual should include a credit substantially as follows: “Joint Deprcrtments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, TIM 5-809-3/NAVFAC DM-2.9/MM 88-3, Chap. 3, Masonry Structural Design for Buildings. u the reprint or republication includes copyrighted material,
5、the credit should also state: “Anyone wishing to make further use of copyrighted material, by itself and apartfrom this text, should seek necessary permission directly from the proprietor.” Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ARMY Tfl 5-8
6、09-3 3515709 040b721 8bL m *TM 5-809-3 *NAVFAC DM-2.9 *AFM 88.3. Chap . 3 TECHNICAL MANUAL HEADQUARTERS NAVY MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY THE NAVY. AND THE AIR FORCE NO . 5-809-3 NAWAC DM-2.9 Am FORCE MANTJAL No . 88.3. CHAPTER 3 WASHINGTON. DC. 30 October 1992 . MASONRY STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR BUILD
7、INGS Paragraph Purpose scope References 2 . QUALITY ASSURANCE IN MASONRY Introduction DesignConstruction Process Overview . Role of Design Engineer . Introduction Clay Masonry Gnits Concrete Masonry Units guidance is provided herein for contract drawings, shop drawings, in- structions to the field,
8、and site visits. 2-2. Designkonstruction process overview. The design process begins with communication among the members of the design team, including the architect, and the structural, mechanical and electrical engineers, to plan the layout of the masonry features of the building. Careful planning
9、 to achieve modular dimensions in masonry walls, both the total wall dimensions and the sizes and locations of openings (including the location and sizing of large openings for ducts and utilities), to eliminate excessive masonry unit cutting is a very important step in the process. The concept of m
10、odular coordination in masonry is an attempt to increase productivity and reduce costs in construc- tion by adoption of coordinated masonry units and masonry panel sizes which are as standardized as is practical. A 4-inch module has been widely accepted by producers of building materials. How- ever,
11、 for reinforced concrete masonry unit CMU) walls, establishing an 8-inch module will eliminate or greatly reduce the field cutting of masonry units and will allow a standardized 8-inch pattern of reinforcing placement. Thus, for convenience and economy, an 8-inch module should be used in structural
12、CMU walls and wythes whenever possi- ble. Once the layout is developed, the contract plans must show sufficient details to adequately communicate to the contractor and the field qual- ity assurance staff the intent of the designer. Wnsn detailiig of the nia.sonry is not coanpleted on the contract dr
13、awings, it is very iiiipo since, as described above, the shop drawings would still be a very important extension of design. (3) On the opposite extreme to the first ap- proach above, the structural designer may provide essentially every masonry detail; including all masonry wall elevations with ever
14、y rebar, every masonry unit, and all masonry openings including every mechanical opening; on the contract draw- ings. Although showing every detail of every structural and nonstructural masonry wall and partition is clearly excessive, the more complete the development of details of the contract draw
15、- ings, the higher the assurance that shop drawings are done correctly and thus the more expedient the approval should be. b. Minimum contract drawing details require- ments. The extent of detailing needed on the contract drawings is different for every building. The level of development of masonry
16、contract drawings versus reliance on shop drawing details is a matter of efficiency and must be based on the judgement of the design office. In most situations, providing masonry wall elevations which show all wall openings, including ducts and piping, pro- vides the greatest assurance for eliminati
17、ng con- flicts during construction. Whatever detailing ap- proach is used, complete designs that give a clear understanding of the most critical features of construction is imperative to assure a quality constructed product. In all cases, the shop draw- ings must be approved by a structural engineer
18、. Although the level of masonry detailing needed is different for every building, there are minimum contract drawing details that are required for all masonry construction. Therefore, the contract drawings for all masonry construction should con- tain minimum masonry details as follows- (1) Typical
19、details for piers, columns and pi- lasters and their location. It must be clear how the typical details are to be applied to all required locations for these elements. (2) Concrete masonry unit control joint (Ca and brick expansion joint (BE which must be present to carry out the intent of the desig
20、ner; is with instructions to the field. Masonry construction includes a wide variety of materials including brick, CMU, mortar, grout, flashing, reinforcing steel, joint reinforcement, CJ keys, BEJ materials, anchor bolts, etc.; all of which are assembled by a mason to form walls, columns, piers, an
21、d pilasters. Although any or all of these items may be contained in the contract documents for a masonry building, and thus all are impor- tant, the quality assurance program does not allow for continuous observation by Corps field person- nel. Instructions to the field, which identify those items t
22、hat are most critical to constructing quality masonry, will allow the field quality assurance personnel to maximize the limited inspection time available. The following items, which represent areas that have caused significant problems on a repetitive basis, are not all inclusive, however, should be
23、 identified as critical items in all “In- structions to the Field” lists: (1) Mortar proportions must be in accordance with the contract. Strength, resistance to water permeance, protection of reinforcement and dura- bility are derived by the proper mixture. (2) Grout slump must be in the range spec
24、i- fied, usually 8-10 inches, and must be mechani- cally vibrated as specified to assure complete filling of cells. Mortar or concrete must not be used in lieu of grout. (3) Reinforcing steel must be properly posi- tioned and held in place for grouting and mechani- 8 I l Provided by IHSNot for Resal
25、eNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ARMY Tfl 5-809-3 35L5759 0406729 052 TM 5-809-3/NAVFAC DM-2.9lAFM 88-3, Chap. 3 cal vibration. Lap lengths must be as required by the contract drawings. Unapproved interruptions of reinforcing steel for openings must not be allowe
26、d. The structural engineer should be con- tacted when conflicts arise. (4) Air spaces in anchored veneer walls must be kept free of excessive mortar droppings. This will allow water that passes through the outer masonry wythe to proceed downward in the air space to reach the flashing and exit throug
27、h the weepholes. (5) Brick expansion joints, both vertical and horizontal, must be kept free of all material, including mortar, and then sealed with backer rods and sealant. Compressible material that is installed in the expansion joint for the purpose of keeping mortar out of the joint, etc., shoul
28、d not be used. (6) Masonry bonding at the corners is re- quired. This detail is needed to provide adequate lateral support to corners of walls during and after construction. (7) Joint reinforcement must be the type speci- fied, usually the ladder type, and must be properly placed. One longitudinal w
29、ire will be installed in each mortar bed. This normally requires two longi- tudinal wires per concrete masonry unit (CMU) wythe and one longitudinal wire per brick wythe. Truss type joint reinforcement should not be used. Factory fabricated intersections and corners are required. Longitudinal wires
30、should be properly located within mortar beds to provide needed corrosion protection. (8) Insulation panels used in cavity wall con- struction must be in close contact at all panel edges and must be tightly adhered to the backup wythe to achieve the assumed U-value. (9) Flashing must be installed so
31、 that cells to be grouted are not blocked. Thus, flashing that is identified as “thru-wall” should not extend further into the masonry backup wythe than the first mortar bed. Joints in flashing must be lapped and sealed. Properly sealed joints are especially critical in wall systems with steel stud
32、backup. Partial panel length flashing for lintels, etc., should be turned up to form dams at the ends. (loj Ceramic glazed and prefaced masonry units should be set level and true so that the glazed and prefaced facing will present true planes and surfaces free of offsets or other distortions. (il) M
33、asonry unit protection. Tops of masonry that are exposed to rain or snow, while being stored and in partially constructed walls, must be covered with nonstaining waterproof covering or membrane when work is not in progress. Covering must extend a minimum of 2 feet down on each side and be held secur
34、ely in place. The covering should allow air movement so that the masonry can reach ambient moisture equilibrium. (12) Other items critical to the specific project should also be included, such as, prism testing of high strength masonry, etc. d. Site visits. The final step in the designcon- struction
35、 process to achieve quality masonry con- struction is site visits by the designer. The pur- poses of these visits by the designer are: (1) To see that the design intent is being reflected in the construction. (2) To facilitate discussion between the con- struction field office personnel and the desi
36、gner on special features of the design and critical construc- tion items. (3) To provide feedback on construction prob- lem areas and to develop design improvements. (4) To open the lines of communication be- tween the designer and field personnel so that problems and concerns will be more freely di
37、s- cussed. Although it is recognized that the degree of engineering support during construction is un- der continual time and cost constraints, the need and value of site visits by the designer has been clearly established in published guidance. Every effort to implement a program of site visits dur
38、ing critical phases of masonry construction should be made. The designer should not make field visits only in response to field problems. Note that the “Instructions to the Field” given above provide an excellent short checklist both for the field quality assurance staff and for the designer during
39、routine field visits to masonry construction. 2-3 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-e ” a a ARMY TM 5-807-3 E 35357137 oob730 874 m TM 5-809-3lNAVFAC DM-2.9lAFM 88-3, Chap. 3 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS, PROPERTIES, STANDARD TESTS AND EFFLORESC
40、ENCE 3-1. Introduction. This chapter is an overview of the nature, properties and standard tests of the materials which are used for masonry construc- tion. The material presented in this chapter is primarily concerned with the properties of clay and concrete masonry units which affect structural de
41、sign. A discussion of the causes, methods of prevention and methods of cleaning of efflores- cence is also included. 3-2. Clay masonry units. a. Ingredients. Clay masonry units primarily consists of clay, shale or similar naturally occur- ring earthy substances, water and additives. Most clays are c
42、omposed mainly of silica and alumina of extremely small particle size formed by decomposi- tion of rocks. b. Manufacturing processes. The majority of the solid and hollow clay masonry units currently used in the US. are produced by the “stiff-mud” pro- cess, also known as the “wire-cut” process. The
43、 basic components of the process are-preparation of the clay or clays; mixing with water, and additives if any; extrusion through a die as a continuous ribbon; cutting the clay ribbon into discrete units using steel wire; and controlled firing in which the units are heated to the early stage of inci
44、pient vitrification. Vitrification occurs when a material changes to a glassy substance by heat and fusion. Peak temperatures attained dur- ing the firing sequence are in the 2000-degree Fahrenheit range. Solid clay units, as defined below, may also be manufactured by molding processes, for example,
45、 the soft mud and dry press. Subsequent to molding, the units are dried and fired as in the wire-cut process. e. Size and shape. Clay masonsy units are avail- able in a wide variety of shapes, sizes and coring patterns, several of which are illustrated in figue 3-1. Figures 3-la through %le represen
46、t clay units defined as solid, that is, the net area is 75 percent or more of the gross area. Figure 3-lf illustrates a hollow unit. The width, W, of solid clay units normally ranges from 3 inches to 4 inches, the height, H, from 2% inches to 4 inches and the length, L, from 7% inches to 11% inches,
47、 although larger units have been produced. Hollow clay units whose net area is less than 75 percent of the gross area, as shown in figures 3-lf have been produced in a relatively small number of sizes and core configurations. The shape shown has a length equal to 11% inches and a height equal to 3%
48、inches. Widths of 3% inches, 5% inches and 7% inches are also available. d. Visual properties. The color of clay masonry units by the chemical composition, surface treat- ment, burning intensity, and methods of burning control. These factors also affect the strength of units. The choice of color for
49、 aesthetic purposes H W a b C d e j. S. AFFA/ CGRPS GF ENGINEERS Figure 3-1. Typical Clay conry f :its. 3- 1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ARMY TM 5-807-3 3525789 0406733 700 TM 5-809-3lNAVFAC DM-2.9lAFM 88-3, Chap. 3 thus may influence structural performance. Vari- ous types of surface texturing, which is formed by steel wire cutting parallel to the direction of extrusion, may be created on the face surfac
